Colomina Maria Teresa, Peris-Sampedro Fiona
Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
Adv Neurobiol. 2017;18:183-197. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_9.
Aluminum (Al) is one of the most extended metals in the Earth's crust. Its abundance, together with the widespread use by humans, makes Al-related toxicity particularly relevant for human health.Despite some factors influence individual bioavailability to this metal after oral, dermal, or inhalation exposures, humans are considered to be protected against Al toxicity because of its low absorption and efficient renal excretion. However, several factors can modify Al absorption and distribution through the body, which may in turn progressively contribute to the development of silent chronic exposures that may lately trigger undesirable consequences to health. For instance, Al has been recurrently shown to cause encephalopathy, anemia, and bone disease in dialyzed patients. On the other hand, it remains controversial whether low doses of this metal may contribute to developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), probably because of the multifactorial and highly variable presentation of the disease.This chapter primarily focuses on two key aspects related to Al neurotoxicity and AD, which are metabolic impairment and iron (Fe) alterations. We discuss sex and genetic differences as a plausible source of bias to assess risk assessment in human populations.
铝（Al）是地壳中分布最广泛的金属之一。其丰富的含量，再加上人类的广泛使用，使得与铝相关的毒性对人类健康尤为重要。尽管在口服、皮肤接触或吸入暴露后，一些因素会影响个体对这种金属的生物利用度，但由于铝的低吸收率和有效的肾脏排泄，人类被认为对铝毒性具有一定的防护作用。然而，有几个因素可以改变铝在体内的吸收和分布，这反过来可能会逐渐导致隐匿性慢性暴露的发生，最终可能对健康引发不良后果。例如，铝反复被证明会导致透析患者出现脑病、贫血和骨病。另一方面，低剂量的这种金属是否会导致阿尔茨海默病（AD）仍存在争议，这可能是由于该疾病呈现出多因素且高度可变的特点。本章主要关注与铝神经毒性和AD相关的两个关键方面，即代谢障碍和铁（Fe）改变。我们将讨论性别和基因差异，它们可能是评估人群风险时偏差的一个合理来源。
