Kiviranta A-M, Rusbridge C, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O, Hielm-Björkman A, Lappalainen A K, Knowler S P, Jokinen T S
Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
and School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
J Vet Intern Med. 2017 Nov;31(6):1771-1781. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14826. Epub 2017 Sep 11.
Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) are widely reported in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Griffon Bruxellois dogs. Increasing evidence indicates that CM and SM also occur in other small and toy breed dogs, such as Chihuahuas.
To describe the presence of SM and craniocervical junction (CCJ) abnormalities in Chihuahuas and to evaluate the possible association of CCJ abnormalities with SM. To describe CM/SM-related clinical signs and neurologic deficits and to investigate the association of CM/SM-related clinical signs with signalment, SM, or CCJ abnormalities.
Fifty-three client-owned Chihuahuas.
Prospective study. Questionnaire analyses and physical and neurologic examinations were obtained before magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging. Images were evaluated for the presence of SM, CM, and atlantooccipital overlapping. Additionally, medullary kinking, dorsal spinal cord compression, and their sum indices were calculated.
Scratching was the most common CM/SM-related clinical sign and decreased postural reaction the most common neurologic deficit in 73 and 87% of dogs, respectively. Chiari-like malformation and SM were present in 100 and 38% of dogs, respectively. Syringomyelia was associated with the presence of CM/SM-related clinical signs (P = 0.034), and medullary kinking and sum indices were higher in dogs with clinical signs (P = 0.016 and P = 0.007, respectively).
Syringomyelia and CCJ abnormalities are prevalent in Chihuahuas. Syringomyelia was an important factor for the presence of CM/SM-related clinical signs, but many dogs suffered from similar clinical signs without being affected by SM, highlighting the clinical importance of CCJ abnormalities in Chihuahuas.
在骑士查理王小猎犬和布鲁塞尔格里芬犬中，类似 Chiari 畸形（CM）和脊髓空洞症（SM）的情况被广泛报道。越来越多的证据表明，CM 和 SM 也出现在其他小型和玩具犬种中，如吉娃娃犬。
描述吉娃娃犬中 SM 和颅颈交界区（CCJ）异常的情况，并评估 CCJ 异常与 SM 之间可能存在的关联。描述与 CM/SM 相关的临床症状和神经功能缺损，并调查与 CM/SM 相关的临床症状与品种特征、SM 或 CCJ 异常之间的关联。
53 只客户拥有的吉娃娃犬。
前瞻性研究。在进行磁共振成像和计算机断层扫描成像之前，进行问卷调查分析以及体格检查和神经学检查。评估图像中是否存在 SM、CM 和寰枕重叠情况。此外，计算延髓扭结、脊髓背侧受压情况及其综合指数。
搔抓是最常见的与 CM/SM 相关的临床症状，姿势反应减弱是最常见的神经功能缺损，分别在 73%和 87%的犬中出现。类似 Chiari 畸形和 SM 分别出现在 100%和 38%的犬中。脊髓空洞症与 CM/SM 相关临床症状的出现有关（P = 0.034），有临床症状的犬的延髓扭结和综合指数更高（分别为 P = 0.016 和 P = 0.007）。
脊髓空洞症和 CCJ 异常在吉娃娃犬中很常见。脊髓空洞症是出现与 CM/SM 相关临床症状的一个重要因素，但许多犬出现类似临床症状却未受 SM 影响，这凸显了 CCJ 异常在吉娃娃犬中的临床重要性。
