Immunosensors.

The current trends and future aspects of the research and development of immunosensors are overviewed. A non-labelled immunosensor, whose selectivity depends on immunochemical affinity of an antigen for its corresponding antibody, has been developed as the basis for the potentiometric determination of an antigen, with an antibody-bound membrane or electrode. Non-labelled immunosensors for syphilis antibody, blood typing, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and human serum albumin have been investigated. In contrast with non-labelled immunosensors, labelled immunosensors may be characterized by marked enhancement of sensitivity. Of these labelled immunosensors, enzyme immunosensors that use the chemical amplification of a labelling enzyme for sensitivity are promising. Enzyme immunosensors with an oxygen electrode have been developed to determine AFP, HCG, IgG and toxin. Bioaffinity sensors with a preformed metastable ligand-receptor complex, which are similar to the enzyme immunosensor have been found effective for the determination of thyroxine (T4), biotin, and insulin.