1Department of Pediatrics,University of California,San Francisco,San Francisco,CA,USA.
2Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies,University of California,San Francisco,3333 California Street,Suite 245,San Francisco,CA 94118,USA.
Public Health Nutr. 2017 Dec;20(17):3068-3074. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017002312. Epub 2017 Sep 12.
Ensuring ready access to free drinking-water in schools is an important strategy for prevention of obesity and dental caries, and for improving student learning. Yet to date, there are no validated instruments to examine water access in schools. The present study aimed to develop and validate a survey of school administrators to examine school access to beverages, including water and sports drinks, and school and district-level water-related policies and practices.
Survey validity was measured by comparing results of telephone surveys of school administrators with on-site observations of beverage access and reviews of school policy documents for any references to beverages. The semi-structured telephone survey included items about free drinking-water access (sixty-four items), commonly available competitive beverages (twenty-nine items) and water-related policies and practices (twenty-eight items). Agreement between administrator surveys and observation/document review was calculated using kappa statistics for categorical variables, and Pearson correlation coefficients and t tests for continuous variables.
Public schools in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA.
School administrators (n 24).
Eighty-one per cent of questions related to school beverage access yielded κ values indicating substantial or almost perfect agreement (κ>0·60). However, only one of twenty-eight questions related to drinking-water practices and policies yielded a κ value representing substantial or almost perfect agreement.
This school administrator survey appears reasonably valid for questions related to beverage access, but less valid for questions on water-related practices and policies. This tool provides policy makers, researchers and advocates with a low-cost, efficient method to gather national data on school-level beverage access.
确保学校能够随时提供免费饮用水，这是预防肥胖和龋齿以及提高学生学习效果的重要策略。然而，迄今为止，还没有经过验证的工具来检查学校的用水情况。本研究旨在开发和验证一项针对学校管理人员的调查，以检查学校获取饮料（包括水和运动饮料）的情况，以及学校和地区级与水有关的政策和做法。
通过将学校管理人员的电话调查结果与饮料获取情况的现场观察和学校政策文件审查中任何有关饮料的参考资料进行比较，来衡量调查的有效性。半结构化电话调查包括有关免费饮用水获取情况（64 个项目）、常见的竞争性饮料（29 个项目）以及与水有关的政策和做法（28 个项目）的项目。使用分类变量的 Kappa 统计量、连续变量的 Pearson 相关系数和 t 检验来计算管理人员调查与观察/文件审查之间的一致性。
美国加利福尼亚州旧金山湾区的公立学校。
学校管理人员（n=24）。
81%与学校饮料获取情况相关的问题的 Kappa 值表明存在实质性或几乎完全一致（κ＞0·60）。然而，与饮用水做法和政策相关的 28 个问题中，只有一个问题的 Kappa 值表示存在实质性或几乎完全一致。
对于与饮料获取情况相关的问题，这种学校管理人员调查似乎具有相当的有效性，但对于与水有关的做法和政策相关的问题，有效性较低。该工具为政策制定者、研究人员和倡导者提供了一种低成本、高效的方法，可用于收集全国范围内有关学校层面饮料获取情况的数据。
