Strehse Jennifer S, Appel Daniel, Geist Catharina, Martin Hans-Jörg, Maser Edmund
Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
Toxicology. 2017 Sep 1;390:117-123. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.09.004. Epub 2017 Sep 9.
Since World War I considerable amounts of warfare material have been dumped at sea worldwide, but little is known about the fate of the explosive components in the marine environment. Sea dumped munitions are able to contaminate the surroundings because of the release of explosive chemicals due to corrosion and breaching or by detonation after blast-operations. This implies the risk of accumulation of toxic compounds in human and wildlife food chains. With the help of divers, we performed an active biomonitoring study with transplanted blue mussels (M. edulis) in a burdened area (Kolberger Heide, Germany) with explosive compounds near blast craters over an exposure time of 93days. With this biomonitoring system, we could show that blue mussels accumulate 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) in their tissues. In all mussels deployed at the ground, we found a body burden with 2-ADNT of 103.75±12.77ng/g wet weight and with 4-ADNT of 131.31±9.53ng/g wet weight. TNT itself has been found in six mussels with an average concentration of 31.04±3.26ng/g mussel wet weight. In the mussels positioned at one meter above the ground no TNT nor 2-ADNT could be detected, but 4-ADNT was found in all samples with an average concentration of 8.71±2.88ng/g mussel wet weight. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using blue mussels M. edulis as an active biomonitoring system for TNT and its metabolites 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT in a free field experiment in a burdened area. Moreover, with this system, we unequivocally proved that these toxic explosives accumulate in the marine biota resp. in the marine food chain, thereby posing a possible risk to the marine ecosphere and human health.
自第一次世界大战以来，大量战争物资被倾倒在全球海域，但对于海洋环境中爆炸物成分的归宿却知之甚少。由于腐蚀、破裂导致爆炸化学品释放，或在爆破作业后引爆，海洋倾弃弹药会污染周围环境。这意味着有毒化合物在人类和野生动物食物链中积累的风险。在潜水员的帮助下，我们在德国科尔贝格·海德一个受爆炸物污染的区域（靠近弹坑，有爆炸化合物），对移植的蓝贻贝（紫贻贝）进行了为期93天的主动生物监测研究。通过这个生物监测系统，我们发现蓝贻贝组织中积累了2,4,6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）及其代谢物2-氨基-4,6-二硝基甲苯（2-ADNT）和4-氨基-2,6-二硝基甲苯（4-ADNT）。在所有放置在海底的贻贝中，我们发现2-ADNT的体内负荷为103.75±12.77纳克/克湿重，4-ADNT的体内负荷为131.31±9.53纳克/克湿重。在6只贻贝中发现了TNT本身，平均浓度为31.04±3.26纳克/克贻贝湿重。在距离海底1米处放置的贻贝中，未检测到TNT和2-ADNT，但在所有样本中都发现了4-ADNT，平均浓度为8.71±2.88纳克/克贻贝湿重。据我们所知，这是第一项在受污染区域的野外实验中，使用蓝贻贝作为TNT及其代谢物2-ADNT和4-ADNT的主动生物监测系统的研究。此外，通过这个系统，我们明确证明了这些有毒爆炸物在海洋生物群中积累，即在海洋食物链中积累，从而对海洋生态圈和人类健康构成潜在风险。
