Plaza Dorota D, Strobel Vinzent, Heer Parminder Kaur Ks, Sellars Andrew B, Hoong Seng-Soi, Clark Andrew J, Lapkin Alexei A
School of EngineeringUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK.
Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeUK.
J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2017 Sep;92(9):2254-2266. doi: 10.1002/jctb.5292. Epub 2017 May 24.
Development of circular economy requires significant advances in the technologies for valorisation of waste, as waste becomes new feedstock. Food waste is a particularly important feedstock, containing large variation of complex chemical functionality. Although most food waste sources are complex mixtures, waste from food processing, no longer suitable for the human food chain, may also represent relatively clean materials. One such material requiring valorisation is cocoa butter.
Epoxidation of a triglyceride from a food waste source, processing waste cocoa butter, into the corresponding triglyceride epoxide was carried out using a modified Ishii-Venturello catalyst in batch and continuous flow reactors. The batch reactor achieved higher yields due to the significant decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the laminar flow tubular reactor. Integral and differential models describing the reaction and the phase transfer kinetics were developed for the epoxidation of cocoa butter and the model parameters were estimated. Ring-opening of the epoxidised cocoa butter was undertaken to provide polyols of varying molecular weight (M = 2000-84 000 Da), hydroxyl value (27-60 mg KOH g) and acid value (1-173 mg KOH g), using either aqueous ortho-phosphoric acid (H PO or boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF OEt)-mediated oligomerisation in bulk, using hexane or tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvents. The thermal and tensile properties of the polyurethanes obtained from the reaction of these polyols with 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) are described.
The paper presents a complete valorisation scheme for a food manufacturing industry waste stream, starting from the initial chemical transformation, developing a process model for the design of a scaled-up process, and leading to synthesis of the final product, in this case a polymer. This work describes aspects of optimisation of the conversion route, focusing on clean synthesis and also demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of the development projects, requiring input from different areas of chemistry, process modelling and process design. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
循环经济的发展需要在废物增值技术方面取得重大进展，因为废物将成为新的原料。食物垃圾是一种特别重要的原料，其化学功能复杂多样。尽管大多数食物垃圾来源都是复杂的混合物，但食品加工过程中产生的不再适合人类食物链的废物也可能是相对纯净的材料。一种需要增值利用的此类材料就是可可脂。
使用改良的石井-文图洛催化剂，在间歇式和连续流反应器中，将来自食物垃圾源（加工废可可脂）的甘油三酯环氧化为相应的甘油三酯环氧化物。由于过氧化氢在层流管式反应器中大量分解，间歇式反应器的产率更高。针对可可脂环氧化反应，建立了描述反应和相转移动力学的积分模型和微分模型，并估算了模型参数。使用正磷酸水溶液（H₃PO₄）或三氟化硼乙醚络合物（BF₃OEt₂），以己烷或四氢呋喃（THF）为溶剂，在本体中进行环氧化可可脂的开环反应，以提供不同分子量（M = 2000 - 84000 Da）、羟值（27 - 60 mg KOH/g）和酸值（1 - 173 mg KOH/g）的多元醇。描述了由这些多元醇与4,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）反应制得的聚氨酯的热性能和拉伸性能。
本文提出了一种针对食品制造业废物流的完整增值方案，从最初的化学转化开始，开发用于放大工艺设计的过程模型，并最终合成最终产品，在此案例中为聚合物。这项工作描述了转化路线优化的各个方面，重点是清洁合成，还展示了开发项目的跨学科性质，需要来自化学、过程建模和过程设计等不同领域的投入。© 2017作者。《化学技术与生物技术杂志》由约翰·威利父子有限公司代表化学工业协会出版。
