Fidler Mis Nataša, Braegger Christian, Bronsky Jiri, Campoy Cristina, Domellöf Magnus, Embleton Nicholas D, Hojsak Iva, Hulst Jessie, Indrio Flavia, Lapillonne Alexandre, Mihatsch Walter, Molgaard Christian, Vora Rakesh, Fewtrell Mary
Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Dec;65(6):681-696. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001733.
The consumption of sugars, particularly sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs; beverages or drinks that contain added caloric sweeteners (ie, sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice concentrates), in European children and adolescents exceeds current recommendations. This is of concern because there is no nutritional requirement for free sugars, and infants have an innate preference for sweet taste, which may be modified and reinforced by pre- and postnatal exposures. Sugar-containing beverages/free sugars increase the risk for overweight/obesity and dental caries, can result in poor nutrient supply and reduced dietary diversity, and may be associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk, and other health effects. The term "free sugars," includes all monosaccharides/disaccharides added to foods/beverages by the manufacturer/cook/consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey/syrups/unsweetened fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates. Sugar naturally present in intact fruits and lactose in amounts naturally present in human milk or infant formula, cow/goat milk, and unsweetened milk products is not free sugar. Intake of free sugars should be reduced and minimised with a desirable goal of <5% energy intake in children and adolescents aged ≥2 to 18 years. Intake should probably be even lower in infants and toddlers <2 years. Healthy approaches to beverage and dietary consumption should be established in infancy, with the aim of preventing negative health effects in later childhood and adulthood. Sugar should preferably be consumed as part of a main meal and in a natural form as human milk, milk, unsweetened dairy products, and fresh fruits, rather than as SSBs, fruit juices, smoothies, and/or sweetened milk products. Free sugars in liquid form should be replaced by water or unsweetened milk drinks. National Authorities should adopt policies aimed at reducing the intake of free sugars in infants, children and adolescents. This may include education, improved labelling, restriction of advertising, introducing standards for kindergarten and school meals, and fiscal measures, depending on local circumstances.
在欧洲儿童和青少年中，糖类的摄入量，尤其是含糖饮料（SSB；含有添加热量甜味剂（即蔗糖、高果糖玉米糖浆、浓缩果汁）的饮料或饮品）超过了当前建议摄入量。这令人担忧，因为游离糖并无营养需求，而且婴儿天生偏好甜味，产前和产后接触甜味可能会改变并强化这种偏好。含糖饮料/游离糖会增加超重/肥胖和龋齿的风险，可能导致营养供应不足和饮食多样性降低，还可能与2型糖尿病风险增加、心血管风险及其他健康影响有关。“游离糖”一词包括制造商/厨师/消费者添加到食品/饮料中的所有单糖/双糖，以及蜂蜜/糖浆/未加糖的果汁和浓缩果汁中天然存在的糖。完整水果中天然存在的糖以及母乳或婴儿配方奶粉、牛奶/羊奶、未加糖乳制品中天然存在的乳糖不属于游离糖。对于2至18岁的儿童和青少年，应减少并尽量降低游离糖的摄入量，理想目标是能量摄入量低于5%。对于2岁以下的婴幼儿，摄入量可能应更低。应在婴儿期建立健康的饮料和饮食消费方式，以预防儿童后期和成年期的负面健康影响。糖最好作为正餐的一部分，以天然形式如母乳、牛奶、未加糖的乳制品和新鲜水果摄入，而不是作为含糖饮料、果汁、奶昔和/或加糖乳制品。液态游离糖应以水或未加糖的奶类饮品替代。国家当局应采取政策，旨在减少婴儿、儿童和青少年游离糖的摄入量。这可能包括教育、改进标签、限制广告、制定幼儿园和学校膳食标准以及财政措施，具体取决于当地情况。
