Hermansyah Andi, Sainsbury Erica, Krass Ines
Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
PLoS One. 2017 Sep 18;12(9):e0184954. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184954. eCollection 2017.
Community pharmacy practice in Australia is changing and Research and Development (R&D) in community pharmacy plays an important role in contributing to the changes. A range of Cognitive Pharmacy Services (CPS) were developed from R&D programs, yet their implementation has been minimal indicating slow practice change within community pharmacy. Given the vital role of R&D, little is known about the operation and the extent to which it has been effective in supporting practice change in community pharmacy.
In depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 key stakeholders in the pharmacy and healthcare system in Australia. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed ad verbatim and analysed using an inductive approach.
Participants perceived that the R&D program has played an important role in the advent of CPS. Furthermore, they considered that evidence generated by the R&D projects is a critical influence on policy formulation, funding and implementation of CPS into practice. However, policy decisions and subsequent implementation are also influenced by other factors associated with context and facilitation which in turn foster or inhibit effective Knowledge Translation (KT) in the community pharmacy sector.
While R&D programs have been viewed as essential for supporting changes in community pharmacy practice through development and funding of CPS, the overall impact has been small, as contemporary practice continues to be predominantly a dispensing model. Given the complexity and dynamic nature of the community pharmacy system, stakeholders must take into account the inter-relationship between context, evidence and facilitation for successful KT in community pharmacy practice.
澳大利亚社区药房的业务正在发生变化，社区药房的研发在推动这些变化方面发挥着重要作用。一系列认知药学服务（CPS）是从研发项目中发展而来的，但其实施程度极低，这表明社区药房内的业务变化缓慢。鉴于研发的重要作用，对于其运作以及在支持社区药房业务变化方面的有效程度，人们了解甚少。
对澳大利亚药房及医疗保健系统中的27名关键利益相关者进行了深入的半结构化访谈。所有访谈均进行了录音，逐字转录，并采用归纳法进行分析。
参与者认为研发项目在认知药学服务的出现中发挥了重要作用。此外，他们认为研发项目产生的证据对认知药学服务的政策制定、资金投入及实践实施有着关键影响。然而，政策决策及后续实施也受到与背景和促进相关的其他因素的影响，这些因素反过来又促进或抑制了社区药房领域有效的知识转化（KT）。
虽然研发项目被视为通过认知药学服务的开发和资金投入来支持社区药房业务变化的必要条件，但总体影响较小，因为当代业务仍然主要是配药模式。鉴于社区药房系统的复杂性和动态性，利益相关者在社区药房实践中成功进行知识转化时，必须考虑背景、证据和促进之间的相互关系。
