Dadvand Payam, Tischer Christina, Estarlich Marisa, Llop Sabrina, Dalmau-Bueno Albert, López-Vicente Monica, Valentín Antònia, de Keijzer Carmen, Fernández-Somoano Ana, Lertxundi Nerea, Rodriguez-Dehli Cristina, Gascon Mireia, Guxens Monica, Zugna Daniela, Basagaña Xavier, Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J, Ibarluzea Jesus, Ballester Ferran, Sunyer Jordi
ISGlobal, CREAL (Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology) , Barcelona, Spain.
Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Sep 18;125(9):097016. doi: 10.1289/EHP694.
Natural environments, including green spaces, may have beneficial impacts on brain development. However, longitudinal evidence of an association between long-term exposure to green spaces and cognitive development (including attention) in children is limited.
We evaluated the association between lifelong residential exposure to green space and attention during preschool and early primary school years.
This longitudinal study was based on data from two well-established population-based birth cohorts in Spain. We assessed lifelong exposure to residential surrounding greenness and tree cover as the average of satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index and vegetation continuous fields, respectively, surrounding the child's residential addresses at birth, 4-5 y, and 7 y. Attention was characterized using two computer-based tests: Conners' Kiddie Continuous Performance Test (K-CPT) at 4-5 y (n=888) and Attentional Network Task (ANT) at 7 y (n=987). We used adjusted mixed effects models with cohort random effects to estimate associations between exposure to greenness and attention at ages 4-5 and 7 y.
Higher lifelong residential surrounding greenness was associated with fewer K-CPT omission errors and lower K-CPT hit reaction time-standard error (HRT-SE) at 4-5 y and lower ANT HRT-SE at 7 y, consistent with better attention. This exposure was not associated with K-CPT commission errors or with ANT omission or commission errors. Associations with residential surrounding tree cover also were close to the null, or were negative (for ANT HRT-SE) but not statistically significant.
Exposure to residential surrounding greenness was associated with better scores on tests of attention at 4-5 y and 7 y of age in our longitudinal cohort. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP694.
自然环境，包括绿地，可能对大脑发育产生有益影响。然而，长期接触绿地与儿童认知发展（包括注意力）之间关联的纵向证据有限。
我们评估了终身居住在绿地附近与学龄前和小学早期注意力之间的关联。
这项纵向研究基于西班牙两个成熟的基于人群的出生队列数据。我们分别将出生时、4 - 5岁和7岁时儿童居住地址周围基于卫星的归一化差异植被指数和植被连续场的平均值作为终身居住周围绿地和树木覆盖的暴露指标。注意力通过两项基于计算机的测试来表征：4 - 5岁时的康纳斯儿童连续操作测试（K - CPT，n = 888）和7岁时的注意力网络任务（ANT，n = 987）。我们使用带有队列随机效应的调整混合效应模型来估计4 - 5岁和7岁时绿地暴露与注意力之间的关联。
更高的终身居住周围绿地与4 - 5岁时K - CPT遗漏错误更少、K - CPT命中反应时间标准误差（HRT - SE）更低以及7岁时ANT HRT - SE更低相关，这与更好的注意力一致。这种暴露与K - CPT执行错误或ANT遗漏或执行错误无关。与居住周围树木覆盖的关联也接近零，或者为负（对于ANT HRT - SE）但无统计学意义。
在我们的纵向队列中，居住周围绿地暴露与4 - 5岁和7岁时注意力测试的更好分数相关。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP694
