Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom.
Environ Int. 2014 Oct;71:101-8. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.010. Epub 2014 Jul 3.
Evidence of the impact of green spaces on pregnancy outcomes is limited with no report on how this impact might vary by ethnicity. We investigated the association between residential surrounding greenness and proximity to green spaces and birth weight and explored the modification of this association by ethnicity and indicators of individual (maternal education) and neighbourhood (Index of Multiple Deprivation) socioeconomic status. Our study was based on 10,780 singleton live-births from the Born in Bradford cohort, UK (2007-2010). We defined residential surrounding greenness as average of satellite-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in buffers of 50 m, 100 m, 250 m, 500 m and 1000 m around each maternal home address. Residential proximity to green spaces was defined as living within 300 m of a green space with an area of ≥ 5000 m(2). We utilized mixed effects models to estimate adjusted change in birth weight associated with residential surrounding greenness as well as proximity to green spaces. We found a positive association between birth weight and residential surrounding greenness. Furthermore, we observed an interaction between ethnicity and residential surrounding greenness in that for White British participants there was a positive association between birth weight and residential surrounding greenness whereas for participants of Pakistani origin there was no such an association. For surrounding greenness in larger buffers (500 m and 1000 m) there were some indications of stronger associations for participants with lower education and those living in more deprived neighbourhoods which were not replicated for surrounding greenness in smaller buffer sizes (i.e. 50 m, 100 m, and 250 m). The findings for residential proximity to a green space were not conclusive. Our study showed that residential surrounding greenness is associated with better foetal growth and this association could vary between different ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
关于绿色空间对妊娠结局的影响的证据有限，并且没有报告说明这种影响可能因种族而异。我们研究了居住环境绿化程度和接近绿色空间与出生体重之间的关系，并探讨了这种关系可能因种族以及个体（母亲教育）和社区（多种剥夺指数）社会经济地位的指标而发生变化。我们的研究基于英国布拉德福德出生队列的 10780 名单胎活产儿（2007-2010 年）。我们将居住环境绿化程度定义为母亲家庭住址周围 50m、100m、250m、500m 和 1000m 缓冲区中基于卫星的归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）的平均值。居住环境接近绿色空间的程度定义为居住在面积大于 5000 平方米的绿色空间 300 米范围内。我们利用混合效应模型估计了与居住环境绿化程度相关的出生体重的调整变化以及与绿色空间的接近程度。我们发现出生体重与居住环境绿化程度呈正相关。此外，我们观察到种族与居住环境绿化程度之间存在交互作用，即对于英国白人参与者，出生体重与居住环境绿化程度呈正相关，而对于巴基斯坦裔参与者则没有这种关联。对于较大缓冲区（500m 和 1000m）的周围绿化程度，对于教育程度较低和居住在贫困程度较高社区的参与者，存在与关联更强的一些迹象，但在较小缓冲区（即 50m、100m 和 250m）的周围绿化程度中，这种关联并未得到复制。对于居住环境接近绿色空间的发现并不确定。我们的研究表明，居住环境绿化程度与胎儿生长更好有关，这种关联可能因不同种族和社会经济群体而异。
