National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; email:
Department of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2018 Jan 3;10:475-501. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063102. Epub 2017 Sep 15.
Cold ocean temperature anomalies have been observed in the mid- to high-latitude North Atlantic on interannual to centennial timescales. Most notably, a large region of persistently low surface temperatures accompanied by a sharp reduction in ocean heat content was evident in the subpolar gyre from the winter of 2013-2014 to 2016, and the presence of this feature at a time of pervasive warming elsewhere has stimulated considerable debate. Here, we review the role of air-sea interaction and ocean processes in generating this cold anomaly and place it in a longer-term context. We also discuss the potential impacts of surface temperature anomalies for the atmosphere, including the North Atlantic Oscillation and European heat waves; contrast the behavior of the Atlantic with the extreme warm surface event that occurred in the North Pacific over a similar timescale; and consider the possibility that these events represent a response to a change in atmospheric planetary wave forcing.
北大西洋中高纬度地区的海洋温度异常在年际到百年时间尺度上都有观测到。最值得注意的是，在 2013-2014 年冬季到 2016 年，亚极地涡旋中出现了一个持续低温的大面积区域，同时海洋热含量急剧减少，而在其他地方普遍变暖的情况下出现这种特征，引起了相当大的争议。在这里，我们回顾了海气相互作用和海洋过程在产生这种冷异常中的作用，并将其置于更长的时间背景下进行讨论。我们还讨论了表面温度异常对大气的潜在影响，包括北大西洋涛动和欧洲热浪；对比了大西洋与在类似时间尺度上发生在北太平洋的极端暖表面事件的行为；并考虑了这些事件是否代表了对大气行星波强迫变化的响应。
