Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
Trends Cogn Sci. 2017 Nov;21(11):864-877. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.08.007. Epub 2017 Sep 27.
The human smile is highly variable in both its form and the social contexts in which it is displayed. A social-functional account identifies three distinct smile expressions defined in terms of their effects on the perceiver: reward smiles reinforce desired behavior; affiliation smiles invite and maintain social bonds; and dominance smiles manage hierarchical relationships. Mathematical modeling uncovers the appearance of the smiles, and both human and Bayesian classifiers validate these distinctions. New findings link laughter to reward, affiliation, and dominance, and research suggests that these functions of smiles are recognized across cultures. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the smile can be productively investigated according to how it assists the smiler in meeting the challenges and opportunities inherent in human social living.
人类的微笑在形式和展示它的社会环境方面都具有高度的可变性。一种社会功能理论认为，有三种不同的微笑表情可以根据它们对观察者的影响来定义：奖励微笑可以强化期望的行为；亲和微笑可以邀请和维持社会关系；支配微笑可以管理等级关系。数学模型揭示了微笑的外观，人类和贝叶斯分类器都验证了这些区别。新的发现将笑声与奖励、亲和和支配联系起来，研究表明，这些微笑功能在不同文化中是被认可的。总的来说，这些证据表明，可以根据微笑如何帮助微笑者应对人类社交生活中固有的挑战和机遇，来对微笑进行富有成效的研究。
