Rothwell Martyn, Stone Joseph A, Davids Keith, Wright Craig
a Academy of Sport & Physical Activity , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK.
b Centre for Sport Engineering Research , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2017 Nov;17(10):1252-1260. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1380708. Epub 2017 Sep 30.
Previous studies have investigated how individuals reach an expert level by counting the number of hours engaged in specific practice types. Here we sought to understand and compare the microstructure (e.g. practice tasks undertaken) of these practice hours experienced by elite and sub-elite British rugby league players. Semi-structured interviews explored the practice experiences of eight international and eight domestic level players. A two-staged thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. The analysis revealed that both player groups experienced a rich and narrow landscape of affordances and were exposed to early diversification of sports experiences during childhood. Differences were identified in domestic level players' experiences of amateur and professional sports, where episodes of negative developmental environments were reported. International players' practice experiences revealed differences in their professional careers, where exposure to scenario-based practice and dynamic learning environments were reported. The findings suggest that insights from ecological dynamics provide a suitable theoretical framework to guide coaches in the design of practice environments that should consider the physical, psychological, emotional and social dimensions of expertise acquisition.
以往的研究通过计算参与特定练习类型的时长来探究个体如何达到专家水平。在此，我们试图理解并比较英国精英和次精英橄榄球联盟球员所经历的这些练习时长的微观结构（例如所进行的练习任务）。半结构化访谈探讨了8名国际水平和8名国内水平球员的练习经历。采用两阶段主题分析法对数据进行解读。分析表明，两个球员群体都经历了丰富而狭窄的可供性情境，并且在童年时期就接触到了早期多样化的体育体验。研究发现国内水平球员在业余和职业体育经历方面存在差异，其中报告了负面发展环境的情况。国际球员的练习经历显示出他们职业生涯中的差异，其中报告了接触基于场景的练习和动态学习环境的情况。研究结果表明，生态动力学的见解提供了一个合适的理论框架，以指导教练设计练习环境，该环境应考虑专业技能习得的身体、心理、情感和社会维度。
