Forrin Noah D, MacLeod Colin M
a Department of Psychology , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , ON , Canada.
Memory. 2018 Apr;26(4):574-579. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1383434. Epub 2017 Oct 2.
The production effect is the memory advantage of saying words aloud over simply reading them silently. It has been hypothesised that this advantage stems from production featuring distinctive information that stands out at study relative to reading silently. MacLeod (2011) (I said, you said: The production effect gets personal. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 1197-1202. doi: 10.3758/s13423-011-0168-8 ) found superior memory for reading aloud oneself vs. hearing another person read aloud, which suggests that motor information (speaking), self-referential information (i.e., "I said it"), or both contribute to the production effect. In the present experiment, we dissociated the influence on memory of these two components by including a study condition in which participants heard themselves read words aloud (recorded earlier) - a first for production effect research - along with the more typical study conditions of reading aloud, hearing someone else speak, and reading silently. There was a gradient of memory across these four conditions, with hearing oneself lying between speaking and hearing someone else speak. These results imply that oral production is beneficial because it entails two distinctive components: a motor (speech) act and a unique, self-referential auditory input.
产出效应是指大声说出单词相对于仅仅默读单词所具有的记忆优势。据推测，这种优势源于产出具有独特的信息，在学习时相对于默读而言更为突出。麦克劳德（2011年）（《我说，你说：产出效应因人而异。心理物理学通报与评论》，18，1197 - 1202。doi:10.3758/s13423 - 011 - 0168 - 8）发现，自己大声朗读比听别人大声朗读有更好的记忆效果，这表明运动信息（说话）、自我参照信息（即“我说了”）或两者都对产出效应有贡献。在本实验中，我们通过设置一种学习条件来区分这两个成分对记忆的影响，即让参与者听自己之前录制的大声朗读单词的声音——这在产出效应研究中尚属首次——同时设置了大声朗读、听别人说话和默读等更典型的学习条件。在这四种条件下存在记忆梯度，听自己朗读的记忆效果介于自己说话和听别人说话之间。这些结果表明，口头产出是有益的，因为它包含两个独特的成分：一个运动（言语）行为和一个独特的、自我参照的听觉输入。
