Influence of mismatched and bulged nucleotides on SNP-preferential RNase H cleavage of RNA-antisense gapmer heteroduplexes.

This study focused on determining design rules for gapmer-type antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), that can differentiate cleavability of two SNP variants of RNA in the presence of ribonuclease H based on the mismatch type and position in the heteroduplex. We describe the influence of structural motifs formed by several arrangements of multiple mismatches (various types of mismatches and their position within the ASO/target RNA duplex) on RNase H cleavage selectivity of five different SNP types. The targets were mRNA fragments of APP, SCA3, SNCA and SOD1 genes, carrying C-to-G, G-to-C, G-to-A, A-to-G and C-to-U substitutions. The results show that certain arrangements of mismatches enhance discrimination between wild type and mutant SNP alleles of RNA in vitro as well as in HeLa cells. Among the over 120 gapmers tested, we found two gapmers that caused preferential degradation of the mutant allele APP 692 G and one that led to preferential cleavage of the mutant SNCA 53 A allele, both in vitro and in cells. However, several gapmers promoted selective cleavage of mRNA mutant alleles in in vitro experiments only.