a Research Institute of Child Development and Education , University of Amsterdam.
b Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit , Leiden University.
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018;47(sup1):S421-S434. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1371029. Epub 2017 Oct 3.
This study investigated the link between (a) parents' social trait and state anxiety and (b) children's fear and avoidance in social referencing situations in a longitudinal design and considered the modulating role of child temperament in these links. Children were confronted with a stranger and a robot, separately with their father and mother at 1 (N = 122), at 2.5 (N = 117), and at 4.5 (N = 111) years of age. Behavioral inhibition (BI) was separately observed at 1 and 2.5 years. Parents' social anxiety disorder (SAD) severity was assessed via interviews prenatally and at 4.5 years. More expressed anxiety by parents at 4.5 years was not significantly linked to more fear or avoidance at 4.5 years. High BI children were more avoidant at 4.5 years if their parents expressed more anxiety at 2.5 years, and they were more fearful if the parents had more severe forms of lifetime SAD. More severe lifetime forms of SAD were also related to more pronounced increases in child fear and avoidance over time, whereas parents' expressions of anxiety predicted more pronounced increases in avoidance only from 2.5 to 4.5 years. High BI toddlers of parents with higher state and trait anxiety become more avoidant of novelty as preschoolers, illustrating the importance of considering child temperamental dispositions in the links between child and parent anxiety. Moreover, children of parents with more trait and state anxiety showed more pronounced increases in fear and avoidance over time, highlighting the importance of early interventions targeting parents' SAD.
本研究采用纵向设计，考察了父母的社交特质和状态焦虑与儿童在社会参照情境中的恐惧和回避之间的关系（a），并考虑了儿童气质在这些关系中的调节作用。儿童分别在 1 岁（N=122）、2.5 岁（N=117）和 4.5 岁（N=111）时与父亲和母亲分别面对一个陌生人和一个机器人。在 1 岁和 2.5 岁时分别观察了行为抑制（BI）。父母的社交焦虑障碍（SAD）严重程度通过产前和 4.5 岁时的访谈进行评估。4.5 岁时父母表现出的更高焦虑与 4.5 岁时的更多恐惧或回避没有显著关联。高 BI 儿童如果父母在 2.5 岁时表现出更多的焦虑，那么他们在 4.5 岁时会更回避；如果父母有更严重的终身 SAD，则他们更害怕。终身 SAD 的严重程度也与儿童恐惧和回避的显著增加有关，而父母的焦虑表现仅预测了从 2.5 岁到 4.5 岁期间回避的显著增加。父母状态和特质焦虑较高的高 BI 幼儿在成长为学龄前儿童时会更回避新奇事物，这说明了在儿童和父母焦虑之间的关系中考虑儿童气质特征的重要性。此外，父母焦虑程度更高的儿童在整个研究过程中恐惧和回避的增加更为明显，这凸显了针对父母 SAD 进行早期干预的重要性。
