Krakhmalev Pavel, Yadroitsev Igor, Yadroitsava Ina, de Smidt Olga
Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden.
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
Materials (Basel). 2017 Oct 3;10(10):1154. doi: 10.3390/ma10101154.
The modern medical industry successfully utilizes Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) to manufacture complex custom implants. Ti6Al4V is one of the most commonly used biocompatible alloys. In surgery practice, infection at the bone-implant interface is one of the key reasons for implant failure. Therefore, advanced implants with biocompatibility and antibacterial properties are required. Modification of Ti alloy with Cu, which in small concentrations is a proven non-toxic antibacterial agent, is an attractive way to manufacture implants with embedded antibacterial functionality. The possibility of achieving alloying in situ, during manufacturing, is a unique option of the LPBF technology. It provides unique opportunities to manufacture customized implant shapes and design new alloys. Nevertheless, optimal process parameters need to be established for the in situ alloyed materials to form dense parts with required mechanical properties. This research is dedicated to an investigation of Ti6Al4V (ELI)-1 at % Cu material, manufactured by LPBF from a mixture of Ti6Al4V (ELI) and pure Cu powders. The effect of process parameters on surface roughness, chemical composition and distribution of Cu was investigated. Chemical homogeneity was discussed in relation to differences in the viscosity and density of molten Cu and Ti6Al4V. Microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of as-built 3D samples were analyzed and discussed. Pilot antibacterial functionalization testing of Ti6Al4V (ELI) in situ alloyed with 1 at % Cu showed promising results and notable reduction in the growth of pure cultures of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
现代医疗行业成功利用激光粉末床熔融（LPBF）技术制造复杂的定制植入物。Ti6Al4V是最常用的生物相容性合金之一。在手术实践中，骨-植入物界面感染是植入物失败的关键原因之一。因此，需要具有生物相容性和抗菌性能的先进植入物。用铜对钛合金进行改性是一种制造具有嵌入式抗菌功能植入物的有吸引力的方法，因为低浓度的铜是一种经证实的无毒抗菌剂。在制造过程中原位实现合金化的可能性是LPBF技术的独特选择。它为制造定制的植入物形状和设计新合金提供了独特的机会。然而，对于原位合金化材料，需要确定最佳工艺参数，以形成具有所需机械性能的致密部件。本研究致力于对由Ti6Al4V（ELI）和纯铜粉末混合物通过LPBF制造的Ti6Al4V（ELI）-1 at%Cu材料进行研究。研究了工艺参数对表面粗糙度、铜的化学成分和分布的影响。结合熔融铜和Ti6Al4V的粘度和密度差异讨论了化学均匀性。对增材制造的3D样品的微观结构、力学性能和断裂行为进行了分析和讨论。对与1 at%铜原位合金化的Ti6Al4V（ELI）进行的初步抗菌功能化测试显示出有前景的结果，并且大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌纯培养物的生长显著减少。
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