Wadud Zahid, Hussain Sajjad, Javaid Nadeem, Bouk Safdar Hussain, Alrajeh Nabil, Alabed Mohamad Souheil, Guizani Nadra
Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan.
Sensors (Basel). 2017 Sep 30;17(10):2251. doi: 10.3390/s17102251.
Industrial Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (IUASNs) come with intrinsic challenges like long propagation delay, small bandwidth, large energy consumption, three-dimensional deployment, and high deployment and battery replacement cost. Any routing strategy proposed for IUASN must take into account these constraints. The vector based forwarding schemes in literature forward data packets to sink using holding time and location information of the sender, forwarder, and sink nodes. Holding time suppresses data broadcasts; however, it fails to keep energy and delay fairness in the network. To achieve this, we propose an Energy Scaled and Expanded Vector-Based Forwarding (ESEVBF) scheme. ESEVBF uses the residual energy of the node to scale and vector pipeline distance ratio to expand the holding time. Resulting scaled and expanded holding time of all forwarding nodes has a significant difference to avoid multiple forwarding, which reduces energy consumption and energy balancing in the network. If a node has a minimum holding time among its neighbors, it shrinks the holding time and quickly forwards the data packets upstream. The performance of ESEVBF is analyzed through in network scenario with and without node mobility to ensure its effectiveness. Simulation results show that ESEVBF has low energy consumption, reduces forwarded data copies, and less end-to-end delay.
工业水下声学传感器网络（IUASN）面临着诸如长传播延迟、小带宽、高能耗、三维部署以及高部署和电池更换成本等固有挑战。为IUASN提出的任何路由策略都必须考虑这些限制因素。文献中的基于向量的转发方案利用发送方、转发器和汇聚节点的保持时间和位置信息将数据包转发到汇聚节点。保持时间抑制了数据广播；然而，它未能在网络中保持能量和延迟公平性。为了实现这一点，我们提出了一种基于能量缩放和扩展向量的转发（ESEVBF）方案。ESEVBF使用节点的剩余能量来缩放，并利用向量管道距离比来扩展保持时间。所有转发节点的缩放和扩展后的保持时间存在显著差异，以避免多次转发，从而降低网络中的能耗和能量平衡。如果一个节点在其邻居中具有最短的保持时间，它会缩短保持时间并将数据包快速向上游转发。通过有节点移动和无节点移动的网络场景对ESEVBF的性能进行分析，以确保其有效性。仿真结果表明，ESEVBF具有低能耗、减少转发数据副本以及较少的端到端延迟。
