Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
Plant Biol (Stuttg). 2018 Jan;20 Suppl 1:78-88. doi: 10.1111/plb.12640. Epub 2017 Oct 22.
Changes in reproductive traits associated with domestication critically determine the evolutionary divergence between crops and their wild relatives, as well as the potential of crop plants to become feral. In this review, we examine the genetic mechanisms of plant domestication and the different types of selection involved, and describe the particularities of domestication of Mediterranean field crops with regard to their reproductive traits, showing illustrative examples. We also explore gene flow patterns between Mediterranean field crops and their wild relatives, along with their ecological, evolutionary and economic implications. Domestication entails multiple selective processes, including direct selection, environmental adaptation and developmental constraints. In contrast to clonal propagation in perennials, sexual reproduction and seed propagation in annuals and biennials have led to a distinct pathway of evolution of reproductive traits. Thus, the initial domestication and further breeding of Mediterranean field crops has brought about changes in reproductive traits, such as higher mean values and variance of seed and fruit sizes, reduced fruit and seed toxicity, non-shattering seeds and loss of seed dormancy. Evolution under domestication is not a linear process, and bi-directional gene flow between wild and crop taxa is a frequent phenomenon. Thus, hybridisation and introgression have played a very important role in determining the genetics of current cultivars. In turn, gene flow from crops to wild relatives can lead to introgression of crop genes into wild populations and potentially alter the characteristics of natural communities. In conclusion, plant evolution under domestication has not only changed the reproductive biology of cultivated taxa, its effects are multifaceted and have implications beyond agriculture.
与驯化相关的生殖特征的变化，极大地决定了作物与其野生亲缘之间的进化分歧，以及作物植物成为野生植物的潜力。在这篇综述中，我们考察了植物驯化的遗传机制以及所涉及的不同类型的选择，并描述了地中海田间作物在生殖特征方面驯化的特殊性，展示了说明性的例子。我们还探讨了地中海田间作物与其野生亲缘之间的基因流动模式，以及它们的生态、进化和经济意义。驯化需要多种选择过程，包括直接选择、环境适应和发育限制。与多年生植物的无性繁殖不同，一年生和二年生植物的有性繁殖和种子繁殖导致了生殖特征进化的独特途径。因此，地中海田间作物的最初驯化和进一步的培育带来了生殖特征的变化，例如种子和果实大小的平均值和方差增加，果实和种子毒性降低，种子不裂和休眠丧失。驯化下的进化不是一个线性过程，野生和作物类群之间的双向基因流动是一种常见现象。因此，杂交和渐渗在决定当前品种的遗传基础方面发挥了非常重要的作用。反过来，作物向野生亲缘的基因流动可能导致作物基因的渐渗进入野生种群，并可能改变自然群落的特征。总之，驯化下的植物进化不仅改变了栽培类群的生殖生物学，其影响是多方面的，并且超越了农业的范畴。
