Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Pro Motus, Bolzano/Bozen, Italy.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Mar;28(3):782-793. doi: 10.1111/sms.12989. Epub 2018 Feb 6.
Referees are an integral part of soccer, and their performance is fundamental for regular match flow, irrespective of the competition level or age classes. So far, scientific interest was mainly limited to aspects of exercise physiology and match performance of soccer referees, whereas recommendations for nutrition were adopted from active professional soccer. In contrast to elite soccer players, most referees are non-professional and engaged in different occupations. Furthermore, elite referees and soccer players differ in regard to age, body composition, aerobic capacity, and training load. Thus, referees' caloric needs and recommended daily carbohydrate intake may generally be lower compared to active soccer players, with higher intakes limited to periods of increased training load and match days or for referees engaged in physical demanding occupations. With respect to fluid intake, pre-match and in-match hydration strategies generally valid in sports are recommended also for referees to avoid cognitive and physical performance loss, especially when officiating in extreme climates and altitude. In contrast to elite soccer, professional assistance concerning nutrition and training is rarely available for national elite referees of most countries. Therefore, special attention on education about adequate nutrition and fluid intake, about the dietary prevention of deficiencies (iron in female referees, vitamin D irrespective of sex and age), and basic precautions for travels abroad is warranted. In conclusion, the simple adoption of nutritional considerations from active soccer for referees may not be appropriate. Recommendations should respect gender differences, population-specific physical characteristics, and demands just as well as individual characteristics and special needs.
裁判员是足球比赛不可或缺的一部分，他们的表现对比赛的正常进行至关重要，无论比赛水平或年龄段如何。到目前为止，科学研究的兴趣主要局限于运动生理学和足球裁判员比赛表现方面，而营养方面的建议则是从职业足球运动员中借鉴而来的。与精英足球运动员相比，大多数裁判员是非职业的，从事不同的职业。此外，精英裁判员和足球运动员在年龄、身体成分、有氧能力和训练负荷等方面存在差异。因此，与活跃的足球运动员相比，裁判员的热量需求和推荐的每日碳水化合物摄入量可能普遍较低，只有在训练负荷增加和比赛日或从事体力要求高的职业时，摄入量才会增加。就液体摄入而言，适用于运动的赛前和比赛中补水策略也建议裁判员采用，以避免认知和身体表现下降，特别是在极端气候和高海拔地区执法时。与精英足球不同的是，大多数国家的国家精英裁判员很少得到有关营养和训练的专业帮助。因此，有必要特别关注有关适当营养和液体摄入的教育，有关饮食预防缺乏症（女性裁判员的铁、不论性别和年龄的维生素 D）的教育，以及出国旅行的基本预防措施。总之，简单地将活跃的足球运动员的营养考虑因素应用于裁判员可能并不合适。建议应尊重性别差异、特定人群的身体特征和需求，以及个体特征和特殊需求。
