Martinez-Torremocha Gemma, Alonso-Callejo Antonio, Sanchez-Sanchez Javier, Garcia-Unanue Jorge, Gallardo Leonor, Martin-Sanchez Maria Luisa, Serrano Carlos, Felipe Jose Luis
IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Aug 6;17(1):226. doi: 10.1186/s13102-025-01282-4.
The aim of this study was to describe and compare the physical demands in Worst-Case Scenarios (WCS) across different competition levels in male and female football of Spanish elite football referees during matches, comparing competitions independently for male and female referees.
Physical demands (total distance [TD], total distance > 18 km/h [TD18], total distance > 21 km/h [TD21], total distance > 24 km/h [TD24], accelerations (> 3 m/s) [Acc] and decelerations (<-3 m/s) [Dec]) were recorded over different time windows (0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 min) on 24 professional male Spanish football referees from male 1st Division, 26 from male 2nd Division and 24 professional female Spanish football referees from female 1st Division during the 2020/21, 2021/22, and 2022/23 seasons over a total of 2,156 official matches, using Global Positioning Systems.
Results showed that male referees experienced higher physical demands, particularly during the shortest time windows of WCS (0.5 and 1 min), where the highest relative physical loads were observed. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between competitions, with higher demands recorded in the 2nd Division and Champions League. In contrast, female referees faced their greatest physical demands in national competitions, such as the Queen's Cup, compared to international competitions. Both genders demonstrated higher intensity during shorter time windows, highlighting the need to be prepared for short and high-intensity match periods.
The study concludes that physical demands vary according to gender and level of competition. Male referees face higher workloads, and female referees have different demands depending on the competitive context. These findings highlight the need for tailored training programs and recovery strategies to address the specific demands of referees across different match contexts. For male referees, training should emphasize short-duration, high-intensity efforts, especially for competitions such as the Second Division and Champions League. For female referees, programs should replicate the demands observed in national competitions like the Queen's Cup. These adaptations can improve performance, reduce injury risk, and enhance match officiating quality.
not applicable.
本研究的目的是描述和比较西班牙精英足球裁判在男、女足球比赛不同竞争水平的最坏情况场景（WCS）中的身体需求，并分别对男、女裁判的比赛进行比较。
使用全球定位系统，记录了2020/21、2021/22和2022/23赛季期间，来自西班牙男子足球甲级联赛的24名职业男裁判、男子足球乙级联赛的26名男裁判以及来自女子足球甲级联赛的24名职业女裁判在总共2156场正式比赛中，不同时间窗口（0.5、1、3、5和10分钟）的身体需求（总距离[TD]、总距离>18公里/小时[TD18]、总距离>21公里/小时[TD21]、总距离>24公里/小时[TD24]、加速（>3米/秒）[Acc]和减速（<-3米/秒）[Dec]）。
结果表明，男裁判面临更高的身体需求，尤其是在WCS的最短时间窗口（0.5和1分钟）内，观察到最高的相对身体负荷。不同比赛之间存在显著差异（p<0.05），乙级联赛和欧冠联赛的需求更高。相比之下，与国际比赛相比，女裁判在国内比赛（如女王杯）中面临最大的身体需求。男女在较短时间窗口内都表现出更高的强度，这突出了为短时间高强度比赛时段做好准备的必要性。
该研究得出结论，身体需求因性别和比赛水平而异。男裁判面临更高的工作量，女裁判根据比赛背景有不同的需求。这些发现强调了需要制定量身定制的训练计划和恢复策略，以满足不同比赛背景下裁判的特定需求。对于男裁判，训练应强调短时间、高强度的努力，特别是对于乙级联赛和欧冠联赛等比赛。对于女裁判，训练计划应复制在女王杯等国内比赛中观察到的需求。这些调整可以提高表现、降低受伤风险并提升比赛裁判质量。
不适用。
