Martinho Diogo V, Field Adam, Rebelo André, Gouveia Élvio R, Sarmento Hugo
University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal.
Laboratory of Robotics and Engineering Systems, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal.
Sports Med Open. 2023 Aug 10;9(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00610-7.
The importance of soccer referees is widely accepted by international soccer organizations and governing bodies, although there is little research summarizing and appraising the literature on soccer referees. The aim of this study was to systematically review the information related to physical demands, nutrition and physiological profiling of soccer referees.
Conforming with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searches of three electronic databases (Web of Sciences, PubMed and Scopus) were conducted on 24 April 2022. The following search terms were used: (Soccer OR football AND refer*) AND (physical OR physiolo* OR load* OR "body composition" OR "fat mass" OR "fat free mass" OR "body size" OR "nutrition*" OR "nutritional assessment" OR "nutritional intake" OR "macronutrient*" OR "micronutrient*"). The inclusion criteria of the manuscripts written in English were that articles with male and/or female soccer referees and included relevant data concerning performance, physical testing, nutrition, body composition, body size and/or physiology of soccer referees. The tools developed by the National Institute of Health were used to assess risk of bias according to the study design.
In total, 110 manuscripts were included in the present review. Match activities of soccer referees and assistant referees are not comparable. Variation in performance is influenced by competitive level and competitive schedules. Additionally, match performance is often used to validate field protocols. The associations between match indicators and field protocols were not constant across the included studies, particularly in short-maximal tests. An age decline in physical performance was not conclusive. Body size did not discriminate between referees and assistant referees, as well as referees of different competitive levels. Few studies focused on nutritional guidelines among referees, particularly exercise energy expenditure. Energy intake was comparable across studies, but referees did not follow the daily dietary recommendations. Aerobic output was frequently assessed, and it was not comparable to the values for soccer players.
Although there are decreases in the running profiles of older referees, they maintain the same distances from the ball, and thus, age per se should not be used to define participation at the international level. The assessment of physical fitness warrants future consideration given the levels of fatigue that are apparent at the end of matches. In order to attain ideal levels of body composition, future studies need to provide guidelines for daily energy expenditure and nutritional intake.
The protocol was published in INPLASY (International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) with the registration number 202280052 and https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.005 .
足球裁判的重要性已得到国际足球组织和管理机构的广泛认可，尽管很少有研究对有关足球裁判的文献进行总结和评估。本研究的目的是系统回顾与足球裁判的身体需求、营养和生理特征相关的信息。
按照系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南，于2022年4月24日对三个电子数据库（科学网、PubMed和Scopus）进行了检索。使用了以下检索词：（足球或英式足球且裁判*）以及（身体或生理或负荷或“身体成分”或“脂肪量”或“去脂体重”或“身体尺寸”或“营养*”或“营养评估”或“营养摄入”或“宏量营养素*”或“微量营养素*”）。纳入标准为英文撰写的手稿，其中包含男性和/或女性足球裁判，并包含有关足球裁判的表现、体能测试、营养、身体成分、身体尺寸和/或生理的相关数据。根据研究设计，使用美国国立卫生研究院开发的工具评估偏倚风险。
本综述共纳入110篇手稿。足球主裁判和助理裁判的比赛活动不可比。表现的差异受竞争水平和比赛赛程的影响。此外，比赛表现常被用于验证现场测试方案。在所纳入的研究中，比赛指标与现场测试方案之间的关联并不恒定，尤其是在短时间最大强度测试中。体能随年龄下降的情况尚无定论。身体尺寸无法区分主裁判和助理裁判，以及不同竞争水平的裁判。很少有研究关注裁判的营养指南，尤其是运动能量消耗。各研究中的能量摄入相当，但裁判未遵循每日饮食建议。有氧输出经常被评估，且与足球运动员的值不可比。
尽管年长裁判的跑动情况有所下降，但他们与球保持的距离相同，因此，不应仅以年龄来界定国际比赛的参赛资格。考虑到比赛结束时明显的疲劳程度，未来需要对体能评估予以关注。为了达到理想的身体成分水平，未来的研究需要提供每日能量消耗和营养摄入的指南。
该方案已在国际注册系统评价和Meta分析方案平台（INPLASY）上发表，注册号为202280052，网址为https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.005 。
