Counseling & Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Payne Hall, MC-0811, Tempe, AZ, 85287-0811, USA.
T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287-3701, AZ, USA.
J Youth Adolesc. 2018 Jan;47(1):207-221. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0750-0. Epub 2017 Oct 6.
Gender identity felt pressure is negatively associated with adjustment indices, including self-esteem, among children and early adolescents, and both gender and ethnic-racial identity felt pressure are negatively associated with self-esteem among young adults. This study explored the longitudinal associations between gender identity and ethnic-racial identity felt pressure from family and peers to behave in either gender or race/ethnic-accordant ways, and self-esteem among a sample of 750 (49.2% female) African American (n = 194) and Latino/a youth (n = 556) (M = 12.10 years, SD = .97 years). For African Americans, the results revealed significant negative longitudinal associations between (a) ethnic-racial identity felt pressure from family at Time 1 and self-esteem at Time 2 and (b) ethnic-racial identity felt pressure from peers at Time 1 and self-esteem at Time 2, controlling for self-esteem at Time 1. These associations were not found among Latinos/as, nor were associations found between gender identity felt pressure from peers or family and self-esteem. The findings are discussed by drawing on the gender identity and ethnic-racial identity literatures.
性别认同感受到的来自家庭和同伴的压力与调整指数呈负相关，包括自尊，在儿童和青少年早期，性别和种族认同感受到的压力与年轻人的自尊呈负相关。本研究探讨了在一个由 750 名（49.2%为女性）非裔美国（n=194）和拉丁裔/西班牙裔青少年（n=556）（M=12.10 岁，SD=.97 岁）组成的样本中，来自家庭和同伴的性别认同和种族认同感受到的压力与自尊之间的纵向关联。对于非裔美国人，结果显示，在时间 1 时，（a）家庭的种族认同感受到的压力与时间 2 的自尊之间，以及（b）同伴的种族认同感受到的压力与时间 2 的自尊之间存在显著的负向纵向关联，控制了时间 1 的自尊。这些关联在拉丁裔中没有发现，也没有发现同伴或家庭的性别认同感受到的压力与自尊之间的关联。这些发现是通过参考性别认同和种族认同文献得出的。
