Chemical and Environmental Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK.
Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton, OX11 0RQ, UK.
J Appl Toxicol. 2018 Jan;38(1):113-121. doi: 10.1002/jat.3527. Epub 2017 Oct 9.
Incidents involving the release of chemical agents can pose significant risks to public health. In such an event, emergency decontamination of affected casualties may need to be undertaken to reduce injury and possible loss of life. To ensure these methods are effective, human volunteer trials (HVTs) of decontamination protocols, using simulant contaminants, have been conducted. Simulants must be used to mimic the physicochemical properties of more harmful chemicals, while remaining non-toxic at the dose applied. This review focuses on studies that employed chemical warfare agent simulants in decontamination contexts, to identify those simulants most suitable for use in HVTs of emergency decontamination. Twenty-two simulants were identified, of which 17 were determined unsuitable for use in HVTs. The remaining simulants (n = 5) were further scrutinized for potential suitability according to toxicity, physicochemical properties and similarities to their equivalent toxic counterparts. Three suitable simulants, for use in HVTs were identified; methyl salicylate (simulant for sulphur mustard), diethyl malonate (simulant for soman) and malathion (simulant for VX or toxic industrial chemicals). All have been safely used in previous HVTs, and have a range of physicochemical properties that would allow useful inference to more toxic chemicals when employed in future studies of emergency decontamination systems.
涉及化学剂释放的事件可能对公众健康构成重大风险。在这种情况下，可能需要对受影响的伤员进行紧急去污，以减少伤害和可能的生命损失。为了确保这些方法有效，已经进行了使用模拟污染物的去污方案的人体志愿者试验（HVT）。模拟物必须用于模拟更有害化学物质的物理化学性质，同时在应用剂量下保持无毒。本综述重点介绍了在去污环境中使用化学战剂模拟物的研究，以确定最适合用于紧急去污 HVT 的模拟物。确定了 22 种模拟物，其中 17 种被确定不适合用于 HVT。其余的模拟物（n=5）根据毒性、物理化学性质和与等效毒性物质的相似性进一步进行了潜在适用性的审查。确定了三种适合用于 HVT 的模拟物；甲基水杨酸酯（芥子气的模拟物）、丙二酸二乙酯（沙林的模拟物）和马拉硫磷（VX 或有毒工业化学品的模拟物）。所有这些物质以前都在 HVT 中安全使用过，并且具有一系列物理化学性质，当在未来紧急去污系统的研究中使用时，可以对更有毒的化学物质进行有用的推断。
