DNA and protein polymorphism: application to anthropology and human genetics.

In this paper, the author analyses the different approaches of the DNA polymorphism. Mitochondrial DNA, RFLP haplotypes associated with serum protein polymorphism, variability of some small regions of the genome detected by minisatellite probes are now well developed and often adapted to population analysis. The data gathered are used to build phylogenic or genealogic trees. Despite the limited number sampled in these investigations, it is obvious that they were obtained to establish a beginning of geographical map distribution of the DNA polymorphisms and to answer basic questions in Anthropology. In this sense, DNA polymorphism is a new way to obtain a large amount of information not available through the different polymorphisms previously performed. Today, the interpretation of the data on DNA polymorphism is based on archeological and prehistorical hypotheses. It is highly probable that for a long time, no phylogenic analysis will be able to determine the step of speciation, the period of emergence of primitive man and of his geographical origins. In some fields of anthropological investigations, studies on the DNA structure and organisation may bring new information on the genetic of skin pigmentation, eye and hair colours, body size, etc. But the essential aim of studies on humans cannot exist out of multidisciplinary follow up including sociology, biology, linguistics, behaviour and economy. Molecular biology of DNA is an additional method from which we can learn a lot about human genetic heterogeneity but man is a group, a society, a population, a tribe and not a certain amount of allele frequencies.