Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato St., 80, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018 Jan;102(1):17-37. doi: 10.1007/s00253-017-8564-2. Epub 2017 Oct 14.
Oligosaccharides are polymers with two to ten monosaccharide residues which have sweetener functions and sensory characteristics, in addition to exerting physiological effects on human health. The ones called nondigestible exhibit a prebiotic behavior being fermented by colonic microflora or stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria, playing roles in the immune system, protecting against cancer, and preventing cardiovascular and metabolic issues. The global prebiotics market is expected to grow around 12.7% in the next 8 years, so manufacturers are developing new alternatives to obtain sustainable and efficient processes for application on a large scale. Most studied examples of biotechnological processes involve the development of new strategies for fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, and mannanooligosaccharide synthesis. Among these, the use of whole cells in fermentation, synthesis of microbial enzymes (β-fructofuranosidases, β-galactosidases, xylanases, and β-mannanases), and enzymatic process development (permeabilization, immobilization, gene expression) can be highlighted, especially if the production costs are reduced by the use of agro-industrial residues or by-products such as molasses, milk whey, cotton stalks, corncobs, wheat straw, poplar wood, sugarcane bagasse, and copra meal. This review comprises recent studies to demonstrate the potential for biotechnological production of oligosaccharides, and also aspects that need more investigation for future applications in a large scale.
低聚糖是由两个到十个单糖残基组成的聚合物，具有甜味剂功能和感官特性，此外还对人体健康产生生理影响。那些被称为不可消化的低聚糖具有益生元行为，可被结肠微生物群发酵或刺激有益细菌的生长，在免疫系统中发挥作用，预防癌症，并防止心血管和代谢问题。预计未来 8 年内全球益生元市场将增长约 12.7%，因此制造商正在开发新的替代品，以获得可持续和高效的大规模应用工艺。在生物技术工艺的大多数研究示例中，都涉及到开发新的策略来合成果寡糖、半乳糖寡糖、木寡糖和甘露寡糖。其中，可突出使用整个细胞进行发酵、合成微生物酶（β-呋喃果糖苷酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、木聚糖酶和β-甘露聚糖酶）以及酶工艺开发（渗透、固定化、基因表达），特别是如果通过使用农业工业废料或副产物（如糖蜜、乳清、棉秆、玉米芯、麦秆、杨木、甘蔗渣和椰子粕）来降低生产成本。本综述包含了最近的研究，以证明利用生物技术生产低聚糖的潜力，以及在大规模应用中需要更多研究的方面。
