Determination of airborne trace elements in an urban area using lichens as biomonitor.

The amounts of elements emitted from industrial, domestic, and vehicle sources in Düzce through the analyses of lichens, which are bioindicators of air pollution, were determined in this research. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, V, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the lichens that were collected from 40 different points were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) device. The highest concentration values were detected for Fe and Al, while the lowest concentration values were detected for Cd and Hg. Distribution maps of elements were created using geographic information systems. The distribution maps showed how the concentrations of elements for Düzce have changed across the city. According to our results, the elements sourced from traffic and combustion, such as Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, and V, have the highest concentrations in the city center near the traffic.