Tahbaz Rana, Schmid Marianne, Merseburger Axel S
Department of Urology, Elbe Kliniken Stade, Stade.
Department of Urology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen.
Curr Opin Urol. 2018 Jan;28(1):62-79. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000454.
The incidence of kidney cancer rises globally with the highest rates in developed countries. This demonstrates the impact of advanced diagnostic imaging but also rising prevalence of modifiable risk factors such as smoking, obesity and hypertension. A literature search was performed with focus on recent studies on risk factors related to lifestyle, medication and nutrition. Further we searched for the effect of cancer prevention strategies.
Overall, we included 76 studies of the past 5 years. Based on current evidence smoking tobacco, obesity and hypertension remain established risk factors for kidney cancer. Certain analgesics and consumption of processed meat have been linked to increase development of renal cell carcinoma, although data are limited. Fruits, fiber-rich vegetables, coffee and physical activity may have a protective effect against kidney cancer but causal conclusions are not yet supported. Significantly, there is an increasing evidence of inverse association between moderate alcohol consumption.
Overall evidence confirms an effective way to prevent the risk of kidney cancer is maintaining a healthy weight and avoid smoking. State policies should further ensure strategies to raise public awareness and support to adopt healthy lifestyles.
全球肾癌发病率呈上升趋势，发达国家发病率最高。这既体现了先进诊断成像技术的影响，也反映出可改变的风险因素（如吸烟、肥胖和高血压）的患病率不断上升。我们进行了文献检索，重点关注近期关于生活方式、药物和营养相关风险因素的研究。此外，我们还检索了癌症预防策略的效果。
总体而言，我们纳入了过去5年的76项研究。基于现有证据，吸烟、肥胖和高血压仍是肾癌的既定风险因素。某些镇痛药和加工肉类的摄入与肾细胞癌的发生增加有关，尽管数据有限。水果、富含纤维的蔬菜、咖啡和体育活动可能对肾癌有保护作用，但尚未得到因果关系结论的支持。值得注意的是，越来越多的证据表明适度饮酒之间存在负相关。
总体证据证实，预防肾癌风险的有效方法是保持健康体重并避免吸烟。国家政策应进一步确保提高公众意识的策略，并支持采用健康的生活方式。
