A population-based study of the relationship between perinatal depressive symptoms and breastfeeding: a cross-lagged panel study.

Studies suggest that perinatal depression and breastfeeding co-vary, but determining the relationship between breastfeeding and perinatal depression has proved challenging. A bidirectional association has been suggested, implying that depression may impact on breastfeeding and that breastfeeding might influence depressive symptoms. The present study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between perinatal depression and breastfeeding in a population-based sample where we used structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to investigate cross-lagged and autoregressive effects as well as concurrent associations. The present study was part of a large-scale Norwegian prospective study. Nurses and midwives at nine well-baby clinics recruited participants. All the well-baby clinics had implemented the Edinburgh method, which combines the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with an immediate follow-up conversation. Completed EPDS forms were recorded, as well as the mothers' reports of breastfeeding behaviors. Depressive symptoms measured prenatally during the last trimester, at 4 and 6 months postpartum did not predict breastfeeding behavior at 4, 6, or 12 months postpartum, respectively. Furthermore, breastfeeding at 4 and 6 months postpartum did not predict depressive symptomatology at 6 or 12 months postpartum. There were no significant concurrent associations between breastfeeding and depressive symptoms at 4, 6, or 12 months postpartum. Depressive symptoms predicted subsequent depressive symptoms and breastfeeding predicted subsequent breastfeeding. There was no evidence of a relationship between depressive symptoms and breastfeeding. Potential explanations and implications are discussed.