Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018 May;125(5):809-826. doi: 10.1007/s00702-017-1795-7. Epub 2017 Oct 23.
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, are the first to react to pathological insults. However, multiple studies have also demonstrated an involvement of peripheral monocytes in several neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the different origins of these two cell types, it is important to distinguish their role and function in the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the differential contributions of microglia and monocytes in the common neurodegenerative diseases AD, PD, and ALS, as well as multiple sclerosis, which is now regarded as a combination of inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration. Until recently, it has been challenging to differentiate microglia from monocytes, as there were no specific markers. Therefore, the recent identification of specific molecular signatures of both cell types will help to advance our understanding of their differential contribution in neurodegenerative diseases.
神经炎症是包括阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病（PD）和肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）在内的神经退行性疾病的一个标志。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的固有免疫细胞，是对病理损伤的第一反应者。然而，多项研究也表明，外周单核细胞参与了几种神经退行性疾病。由于这两种细胞类型的起源不同，区分它们在这些疾病的发展和进展中的作用和功能非常重要。在这篇综述中，我们将总结和讨论小胶质细胞和单核细胞在常见神经退行性疾病 AD、PD 和 ALS 以及多发性硬化症（MS）中的不同作用，MS 现在被认为是炎症过程和神经退行性变的结合。直到最近，由于没有特定的标志物，区分小胶质细胞和单核细胞仍然具有挑战性。因此，最近确定了这两种细胞类型的特定分子特征，这将有助于我们深入了解它们在神经退行性疾病中的差异贡献。
