Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Oct 22;18(10):2214. doi: 10.3390/ijms18102214.
Oxidative stress refers to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and NADPH oxidases (NOXs), which are one of the most important sources of ROS. Oxidative stress plays important roles in the etiologies, pathological mechanisms, and treatment strategies of vascular diseases. Additionally, oxidative stress affects mechanisms of carcinogenesis, tumor growth, and prognosis in malignancies. Nearly all solid tumors show stimulation of neo-vascularity, termed angiogenesis, which is closely associated with malignant aggressiveness. Thus, cancers can be seen as a type of vascular disease. Oxidative stress-induced functions are regulated by complex endogenous mechanisms and exogenous factors, such as medication and diet. Although understanding these regulatory mechanisms is important for improving the prognosis of urothelial cancer, it is not sufficient, because there are controversial and conflicting opinions. Therefore, we believe that this knowledge is essential to discuss observations and treatment strategies in urothelial cancer. In this review, we describe the relationships between members of the NOX family and tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and pathological mechanisms in urological cancers including prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial cancer. In addition, we introduce natural compounds and chemical agents that are associated with ROS-induced angiogenesis or apoptosis.
氧化应激是指活性氧（ROS）水平升高，而 NADPH 氧化酶（NOXs）是 ROS 的最重要来源之一。氧化应激在血管疾病的病因、病理机制和治疗策略中起着重要作用。此外，氧化应激还影响恶性肿瘤的致癌机制、肿瘤生长和预后。几乎所有的实体瘤都表现出新生血管的刺激，称为血管生成，这与恶性侵袭性密切相关。因此，癌症可以被视为一种血管疾病。氧化应激诱导的功能受到复杂的内源性机制和外源性因素的调节，如药物和饮食。尽管了解这些调节机制对于改善尿路上皮癌的预后很重要，但这还不够，因为存在有争议和相互矛盾的观点。因此，我们认为，这方面的知识对于讨论尿路上皮癌的观察结果和治疗策略是必不可少的。在这篇综述中，我们描述了 NOX 家族成员与前列腺癌、肾细胞癌和尿路上皮癌等泌尿系统癌症的肿瘤发生、肿瘤生长和病理机制之间的关系。此外，我们还介绍了与 ROS 诱导的血管生成或细胞凋亡相关的天然化合物和化学试剂。
