Bidaye Salil S, Bockemühl Till, Büschges Ansgar
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.
J Neurophysiol. 2018 Feb 1;119(2):459-475. doi: 10.1152/jn.00658.2017. Epub 2017 Oct 25.
Walking is a rhythmic locomotor behavior of legged animals, and its underlying mechanisms have been the subject of neurobiological research for more than 100 years. In this article, we review relevant historical aspects and contemporary studies in this field of research with a particular focus on the role of central pattern generating networks (CPGs) and their contribution to the generation of six-legged walking in insects. Aspects of importance are the generation of single-leg stepping, the generation of interleg coordination, and how descending signals influence walking. We first review how CPGs interact with sensory signals from the leg in the generation of leg stepping. Next, we summarize how these interactions are modified in the generation of motor flexibility for forward and backward walking, curve walking, and speed changes. We then review the present state of knowledge with regard to the role of CPGs in intersegmental coordination and how CPGs might be involved in mediating descending influences from the brain for the initiation, maintenance, modification, and cessation of the motor output for walking. Throughout, we aim to specifically address gaps in knowledge, and we describe potential future avenues and approaches, conceptual and methodological, with the latter emphasizing in particular options arising from the advent of neurogenetic approaches to this field of research and its combination with traditional approaches.
行走是有腿动物的一种节律性运动行为，其潜在机制已成为神经生物学研究100多年来的主题。在本文中，我们回顾了该研究领域的相关历史方面和当代研究，特别关注中枢模式发生器网络（CPG）的作用及其对昆虫六足行走产生的贡献。重要的方面包括单腿迈步的产生、腿间协调的产生，以及下行信号如何影响行走。我们首先回顾CPG在腿部迈步产生过程中如何与来自腿部的感觉信号相互作用。接下来，我们总结在向前和向后行走、曲线行走以及速度变化的运动灵活性产生过程中，这些相互作用是如何被改变的。然后，我们回顾关于CPG在节段间协调中的作用以及CPG可能如何参与介导来自大脑的下行影响，以启动、维持、修改和停止行走运动输出的当前知识状态。在整个过程中，我们旨在特别解决知识空白，并描述潜在的未来途径和方法，包括概念性和方法性的，后者尤其强调源于该研究领域神经遗传学方法的出现及其与传统方法相结合所产生的选项。
