Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Jan 15;206:202-214. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.020. Epub 2017 Oct 23.
As climate change and water scarcity continue to be of concern, reuse of treated wastewater is an important water management strategy in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries and remote communities. Many countries, especially in remote regional areas, use waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) to treat domestic wastewater for a variety of end uses, including using the treated wastewater for irrigation of public spaces (e.g. parks and ovals) or for crop irrigation. Thus, it is vital that the resulting effluent meets the required quality for beneficial reuse. In this paper, both the performance of WSPs in the removal of organic micropollutants, and the mechanisms of removal, are reviewed. The performance of WSPs in the removal of organic micropollutants was found to be highly variable and influenced by many factors, such as the type and configuration of the ponds, the operational parameters of the treatment plant, the wastewater quality, environmental factors (e.g. sunlight, temperature, redox conditions and pH) and the characteristics of the pollutant. The removal of organic micropollutants from WSPs has been attributed to biodegradation, photodegradation and sorption processes, the majority of which occur in the initial treatment stages (e.g. in the anaerobic or facultative ponds). Out of the many hundreds of organic micropollutants identified in wastewater, only a limited number (40) have been studied in WSPs, with the majority of these pollutants being pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting compounds. Thus, future research on the fate of organic micropollutants in WSPs should encompass a broader range of micropollutants and include emerging organic pollutants, such as illicit drugs and perfluorinated compounds. Further research is also needed on the formation and toxicity of transformation products from organic micropollutants in WSPs, since the transformation products of some organic micropollutants can be more toxic than the parent compound. Combining other wastewater treatment processes with WSPs for removal of recalcitrant organic micropollutants should also be considered.
随着气候变化和水资源短缺问题的持续加剧，废水再利用已成为世界上许多地区，特别是发展中国家和偏远社区的一项重要水资源管理策略。许多国家，特别是偏远地区，使用污水稳定塘（WSP）来处理生活污水，以满足各种用途，包括将处理后的污水用于公共空间（如公园和椭圆形体育场）的灌溉或作物灌溉。因此，至关重要的是，最终的出水要符合有益再利用的质量要求。本文综述了污水稳定塘在去除有机微量污染物方面的性能及其去除机制。研究发现，污水稳定塘对有机微量污染物的去除性能具有很大的变异性，受许多因素的影响，例如池塘的类型和配置、处理厂的运行参数、废水质量、环境因素（如阳光、温度、氧化还原条件和 pH 值）以及污染物的特性。污水稳定塘中有机微量污染物的去除归因于生物降解、光降解和吸附过程，其中大多数发生在初始处理阶段（例如在厌氧或兼性池塘中）。在废水中已鉴定出的数百种有机微量污染物中，只有有限数量（40 种）在污水稳定塘中进行了研究，其中大多数污染物为药品、个人护理产品和内分泌干扰化合物。因此，未来对有机微量污染物在污水稳定塘中的归宿的研究应涵盖更广泛的污染物范围，并包括新兴有机污染物，如非法药物和全氟化合物。还需要进一步研究有机微量污染物在污水稳定塘中形成的转化产物及其毒性，因为一些有机微量污染物的转化产物可能比母体化合物毒性更大。应考虑将其他废水处理工艺与污水稳定塘结合使用，以去除难降解的有机微量污染物。
