Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Niels Jensens Vej 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Mar;616-617:1307-1316. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.187. Epub 2017 Oct 25.
In the North China Plain (NCP), rising inputs of pesticides have intensified the environmental impact of farming activities in recent decades by contributing to surface water and groundwater contamination. In response to this, the Chinese government imposed stricter regulations on pesticide approval and application, and better monitoring strategies are being developed. However, sufficient and well-directed research on the accumulation and impact of different pesticides is needed for informed decision-making. In this study, current pesticide use, and recent and current research on water contamination by pesticides in the NCP are reviewed and assessed. Additionally, a small-scale field study was performed to determine if residuals from currently-used pesticides in the NCP can be detected in surface water, and in connected shallow groundwater. The contaminants of interest were commonly used pesticides on winter wheat-summer maize fields (the dominant cropping system in the NCP), such as 2,4-D and atrazine. Sampling took place in May, July, and October 2013; and March 2014. Results from our literature research showed that sampling is biased towards surface water monitoring. Furthermore, most studies focus on organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) like the isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), which were banned in China in 1983. However, currently-used herbicides like 2,4-D and atrazine were detected in river water and groundwater in all samplings of our field study. The highest concentrations of 2,4-D and atrazine were found in the river water, ranging up to 3.00 and 0.96μg/L, respectively. The monitoring of banned compounds was found to be important because several studies indicate that they are still accumulating in the environment and/or are still illegally in use. However, supported by our own data, we find that the monitoring in groundwater and surface water of currently permitted pesticides in China needs equal attention, and should therefore be increased.
在中国华北平原（NCP），近几十年来，由于农药投入的增加，加剧了农业活动对地表水和地下水的污染，从而对环境产生了影响。针对这一情况，中国政府对农药的审批和应用实施了更严格的规定，并正在制定更好的监测策略。然而，为了做出明智的决策，仍需要充分和有针对性地研究不同农药的积累和影响。在这项研究中，对华北平原目前的农药使用情况以及农药对水造成的污染的最新和当前研究进行了回顾和评估。此外，还进行了一项小规模的实地研究，以确定华北平原目前使用的农药是否会残留在地表水和浅层地下水中。研究人员关注的污染物是冬小麦-夏玉米（华北平原主要的种植系统）农田中常用的农药，如 2,4-D 和莠去津。采样时间分别为 2013 年 5 月、7 月和 10 月以及 2014 年 3 月。文献研究结果表明，采样存在偏向地表水监测的情况。此外，大多数研究都集中在有机氯农药（OCPs）上，如滴滴涕（DDT）和六氯环己烷（HCH）的异构体，这些物质已于 1983 年在中国被禁用。然而，在我们实地研究的所有采样中，都检测到了目前使用的除草剂，如 2,4-D 和莠去津，它们存在于河水中和地下水中。2,4-D 和莠去津的最高浓度出现在河水中，分别高达 3.00 和 0.96μg/L。研究发现，监测禁用化合物非常重要，因为有几项研究表明它们仍在环境中积累，或者仍在非法使用。但是，我们自己的数据也表明，中国目前允许使用的农药在地下水和地表水的监测同样需要关注，因此应加强监测。
