Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Apr 15;621:1115-1123. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.115. Epub 2017 Nov 2.
In developing countries, inappropriate recycling of e-waste has resulted in the environmental release of toxicants, including heavy metals, that may have deleterious health effects. In this study, we estimated daily metal intakes in five households in a Vietnamese village located in an e-waste processing area and assessed the health risk posed by exposure to the metals. Garden soil, floor dust, 24-h duplicate diet, and ambient air samples were collected from five households in northern Vietnam in January 2014. All samples were acid-digested, and contents of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, and Zn were measured by using ICP mass spectrometry and ICP atomic emission spectroscopy. In addition, the soil, dust, and diet samples were subjected to an bioaccessibility extraction test to determine bioaccessible metal concentrations. Hazard quotients were estimated from bioaccessible metal concentrations, provisional tolerable weekly intakes, and reference doses. Garden soil and floor dust were estimated to be mainly contributors to daily Pb intake, as indicated by calculations using bioaccessible metal concentrations and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency soil plus dust ingestion rate. Diet was suggested to contribute significantly to daily Cd, Cu, Mn, Sb, and Zn intake. Estimated metal exposures via inhalation were negligible, as indicated by calculations using International Atomic Energy Agency reference inhalation rates. The maximum hazard quotients were calculated as 0.2 (Cd), 0.09 (Cu), 0.3 (Mn), 0.6 (Pb), 0.2 (Sb), and 0.5 (Zn), on the basis of bioaccessible metal concentrations. The contributions of Cd, Cu, Mn, Sb, and Zn except Pb to potential noncancer risk for adult residents of the five households in the e-waste processing area may be low.
在发展中国家，电子废物的不当回收导致有毒物质（包括重金属）释放到环境中，可能对健康造成有害影响。在这项研究中，我们估计了位于电子废物处理区的越南北部一个村庄的五户家庭的每日金属摄入量，并评估了暴露于这些金属所带来的健康风险。我们于 2014 年 1 月从越南北部的五个家庭中收集了花园土壤、地板灰尘、24 小时饮食重复样本和环境空气样本。所有样本均经酸消解，并用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定 Cd、Cu、Mn、Pb、Sb 和 Zn 的含量。此外，还对土壤、灰尘和饮食样本进行了生物可利用性提取试验，以确定生物可利用金属浓度。根据生物可利用金属浓度、暂定每周耐受量和参考剂量估算危害系数。根据生物可利用金属浓度和美国环境保护署土壤加灰尘摄入率的计算，花园土壤和地板灰尘被认为是导致每日 Pb 摄入量的主要因素。饮食被认为是导致每日 Cd、Cu、Mn、Sb 和 Zn 摄入量的主要因素。根据国际原子能机构参考吸入率的计算，估计通过吸入摄入的金属量可以忽略不计。根据生物可利用金属浓度计算，最大危害系数分别为 0.2（Cd）、0.09（Cu）、0.3（Mn）、0.6（Pb）、0.2（Sb）和 0.5（Zn）。除 Pb 外，电子废物处理区五个家庭的成年居民摄入 Cd、Cu、Mn、Sb 和 Zn 可能不会对非癌症风险造成显著影响。
