Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT), Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
DEGEIT, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Jan;25(2):1637-1654. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-0540-y. Epub 2017 Nov 3.
This paper analyzes a set of selected German and French cities' performance in terms of the relative behavior of their eco-efficiencies, computed as the ratio of their gross domestic product (GDP) over their CO emissions. For this analysis, eco-efficiency scores of the selected cities are computed using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique, taking the eco-efficiencies as outputs, and the inputs being the energy consumption, the population density, the labor productivity, the resource productivity, and the patents per inhabitant. Once DEA results are analyzed, the Malmquist productivity indexes (MPI) are used to assess the time evolution of the technical efficiency, technological efficiency, and productivity of the cities over the window periods 2000 to 2005 and 2005 to 2008. Some of the main conclusions are that (1) most of the analyzed cities seem to have suboptimal scales, being one of the causes of their inefficiency; (2) there is evidence that high GDP over CO emissions does not imply high eco-efficiency scores, meaning that DEA like approaches are useful to complement more simplistic ranking procedures, pointing out potential inefficiencies at the input levels; (3) efficiencies performed worse during the period 2000-2005 than during the period 2005-2008, suggesting the possibility of corrective actions taken during or at the end of the first period but impacting only on the second period, probably due to an increasing environmental awareness of policymakers and governors; and (4) MPI analysis shows a positive technological evolution of all cities, according to the general technological evolution of the reference cities, reflecting a generalized convergence of most cities to their technological frontier and therefore an evolution in the right direction.
本文分析了一组选定的德国和法国城市在生态效率方面的相对表现，生态效率的计算方法是将国内生产总值（GDP）与 CO2 排放量相除。为了进行这项分析，使用数据包络分析（DEA）技术计算了选定城市的生态效率得分，将生态效率作为产出，投入包括能源消耗、人口密度、劳动生产率、资源生产率和人均专利数。一旦对 DEA 结果进行分析，就会使用 Malmquist 生产力指数（MPI）来评估城市在 2000 年至 2005 年和 2005 年至 2008 年期间的技术效率、技术效率和生产力的时间演变。一些主要结论包括：（1）大多数分析的城市似乎规模不合理，这是它们效率低下的原因之一；（2）有证据表明，高 GDP 与 CO2 排放量之比并不意味着高生态效率得分，这意味着 DEA 类方法有助于补充更简单的排名程序，指出投入层面的潜在效率低下；（3）在 2000-2005 年期间的效率表现不如 2005-2008 年期间，这表明在第一个时期期间或结束时可能采取了纠正措施，但仅对第二个时期产生影响，这可能是由于决策者和管理者对环境问题的认识不断提高；（4）MPI 分析显示，所有城市的技术都在正向发展，符合参考城市的总体技术发展趋势，反映了大多数城市向技术前沿的普遍趋同，因此朝着正确的方向发展。
