An RNA structure-mediated, posttranscriptional model of human α-1-antitrypsin expression.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects over 65 million individuals worldwide, where α-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a major genetic cause of the disease. The α-1-antitrypsin gene, , expresses an exceptional number of mRNA isoforms generated entirely by alternative splicing in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). Although all mRNAs encode exactly the same protein, expression levels of the individual mRNAs vary substantially in different human tissues. We hypothesize that these transcripts behave unequally due to a posttranscriptional regulatory program governed by their distinct 5'-UTRs and that this regulation ultimately determines α-1-antitrypsin expression. Using whole-transcript selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation by primer extension (SHAPE) chemical probing, we show that splicing yields distinct local 5'-UTR secondary structures in transcripts. Splicing in the 5'-UTR also changes the inclusion of long upstream ORFs (uORFs). We demonstrate that disrupting the uORFs results in markedly increased translation efficiencies in luciferase reporter assays. These uORF-dependent changes suggest that α-1-antitrypsin protein expression levels are controlled at the posttranscriptional level. A leaky-scanning model of translation based on Kozak translation initiation sequences alone does not adequately explain our quantitative expression data. However, when we incorporate the experimentally derived RNA structure data, the model accurately predicts translation efficiencies in reporter assays and improves α-1-antitrypsin expression prediction in primary human tissues. Our results reveal that RNA structure governs a complex posttranscriptional regulatory program of α-1-antitrypsin expression. Crucially, these findings describe a mechanism by which genetic alterations in noncoding gene regions may result in α-1-antitrypsin deficiency.