University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Int J Psychophysiol. 2018 Oct;132(Pt B):379-392. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.011. Epub 2017 Oct 27.
The magnification of skill component in gambling as well as the gambler's and hot hand fallacies are gambling-related cognitive distortions. The magnification of skill component refers to the belief that one's ability can be used to win in gambling and that there is a reliable way to do so. The gambler's fallacy refers to the belief that a given outcome is unlikely to follow a preceding run of the same outcome (e.g. a coin coming up heads following a run of heads), while the hot hand fallacy refers to the belief that a streak of wins is going to continue. The biopsychological basis of these cognitive distortions can be analyzed by examining the processing of near outcomes and outcome sequences in gambling. Near outcomes refer to close wins and losses that would have almost resulted in the other outcome. The current study aims to investigate the electrophysiological basis of said cognitive distortions as well as its modulation by gambling problems. In the current study a group of problem gamblers and matched controls gambled on a wheel of fortune and a coin toss paradigm. The processing of near outcomes and outcome sequences was analyzed using event-related potentials (FRN, P300). Near outcomes evoked smaller P300 amplitudes in both groups. Furthermore, previous wins were associated with increased P300 amplitudes. Outcome closeness and previous outcome sequences did not modulate the FRN amplitude. The processing of near outcomes and outcome sequences was not modulated by gambling problems. General differences between problem gamblers and controls were found, with problem gamblers showing reduced peak-to-peak FRN amplitudes. This might point towards a generally more favorable evaluation of gambling outcomes in problem gamblers while the electrophysiological correlates of the analyzed cognitive distortions do not differ from those of healthy controls.
技能成分在赌博中的放大以及赌徒谬误和热手谬误都是与赌博相关的认知扭曲。技能成分的放大是指相信自己的能力可以用于赌博并能从中获胜，而且有可靠的方法可以做到这一点。赌徒谬误是指相信给定的结果不太可能跟随之前相同结果的连续出现（例如，在一连串正面之后，硬币出现正面），而热手谬误是指相信连胜会继续。通过检查赌博中近结果和结果序列的处理，可以分析这些认知扭曲的生物心理学基础。近结果是指几乎导致另一个结果的接近的输赢。本研究旨在探讨这些认知扭曲的电生理基础及其受赌博问题的调节。在本研究中，一组问题赌徒和匹配的对照组在幸运轮和抛硬币范式上进行了赌博。使用事件相关电位（FRN、P300）分析近结果和结果序列的处理。两组中近结果都引起了较小的 P300 振幅。此外，先前的胜利与 P300 振幅的增加有关。结果的接近程度和先前的结果序列并没有调节 FRN 振幅。赌博问题并未调节近结果和结果序列的处理。在问题赌徒和对照组之间发现了一般差异，问题赌徒的峰峰值 FRN 振幅减小。这可能表明问题赌徒对赌博结果的评价普遍更为有利，而分析的认知扭曲的电生理相关性与健康对照组没有区别。
