MacKay Donald G, Goldstein Rutherford
University of California, Los Angeles.
Northland College.
AIMS Neurosci. 2016;3(1):105-140. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2016.1.105.
Present findings indicate that hippocampal region (HR) damage impairs aspects of everyday language comprehension and production that require creativity defined as the ability to form new internal representations that satisfy relevant constraints for being useful or valuable in the real world. In two studies, seventeen people participated in extensive face-to-face interviews: sixteen normal individuals and H.M., an amnesic with cerebellar and HR damage but virtually no neocortical damage. Study 1 demonstrated deficits in H.M.'s comprehension of but not aspects of the interviews extending to the real world twelve prior demonstrations that H.M. understands routine but not novel aspects of experimentally constructed sentences, deficits that reflected his HR damage, but not his cerebellar damage, his explicit or declarative memory problems, inability to comprehend or recall the instructions, forgetting, poor visual acuity, motoric slowing, time pressure, deficits in visual scanning or attentional allocation, lack of motivation, and excessive memory load in the tasks. Study 2 demonstrated similar deficits in H.M.'s ability to creative but not routine aspects of conversational discourse, extending findings in five prior sentence production experiments to real-world creativity. We discuss conceptual frameworks for explaining relations between new-and-useful creativity and the HR.
目前的研究结果表明，海马体区域（HR）损伤会损害日常语言理解和生成中需要创造力的方面，创造力被定义为形成新的内部表征的能力，这些表征要满足在现实世界中有用或有价值的相关约束条件。在两项研究中，17人参与了广泛的面对面访谈：16名正常个体和H.M.，一名患有小脑和HR损伤但几乎没有新皮质损伤的失忆症患者。研究1表明，H.M.在访谈的某些方面存在理解缺陷，但不是所有方面，这些缺陷延伸到现实世界，此前有12次证明H.M.理解实验构建句子的常规方面但不理解新颖方面，这些缺陷反映了他的HR损伤，而不是他的小脑损伤、他的显性或陈述性记忆问题、无法理解或回忆指令、遗忘、视力差、运动迟缓、时间压力、视觉扫描或注意力分配缺陷、缺乏动机以及任务中的记忆负荷过大。研究2表明，H.M.在对话语创造性而非常规方面的能力上也存在类似缺陷，将之前五个句子生成实验中的发现扩展到了现实世界的创造力。我们讨论了解释新的且有用的创造力与HR之间关系的概念框架。
