Goals of Care and End of Life in the ICU.

Despite advances in surgical critical care, critical illness remains traumatic and has long-term adverse sequelae. Unrealistic expectations and erroneous assumptions about outcomes acceptable to patients have been identified as drivers of goal-discordant treatment. Goal setting in the ICU begins with compassionately delivered, accurate, and honest prognostic information. Through skilled communication and shared decision making, clinicians forge a mutual understanding of patient values and priorities and the role of therapeutic options in achieving patient goals. Ensuring that treatment is goal-concordant and meets physical, psychosocial, existential, and spiritual needs is crucial for attaining optimal patient and caregiver outcomes, independent of survival.