Gibson Rosalind S, Charrondiere U Ruth, Bell Winnie
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
FAO, Rome, Italy.
Adv Nutr. 2017 Nov 15;8(6):980-991. doi: 10.3945/an.117.016980. Print 2017 Nov.
Securing accurate measurements of dietary intake across populations is challenging. Of the methods, self-reported 24-h recalls are often used in low-income countries (LICs) because they are quick, culturally sensitive, do not require high cognitive ability, and provide quantitative data on both foods and nutrients. Measuring intakes via 24-h recalls involves ) collecting data on food intakes, ) the appropriate use of relevant food-composition data for calculating nutrient intakes, and ) statistically converting observed intakes to "usual intakes" for evaluating nutrient adequacy or relations between foods and nutrients and health outcomes. Like all dietary methods, 24-h recalls are subject to random errors that lower the precision and systematic errors that can reduce accuracy at each stage of the measurement protocol. Research has identified the potential sources of measurement errors in 24-h recall protocols and emphasized that sources of random error can be reduced by incorporating standardized quality-control procedures and collecting more than one 24-h recall per person, with the number depending on the study objective. Careful design of the initial 24-h recall protocol can take into account potential sources of systematic error, such as day of the week, season, age, etc. Other sources of systematic error (e.g., energy underreporting) can best be detected by including a reference measure (e.g., doubly labeled water to measure energy expenditure). Alternatively, 24-h recall intakes of energy can be compared with same-day weighed intakes. Nevertheless, very few studies in LICs have assessed the validity of 24-h recalls in their study settings or adopted recommended standardized protocols to mitigate random errors. Hence, efforts should be made to improve the assessment, analysis, and interpretation of self-reported 24-h recall data for population studies in LICs. Accurate and precise dietary intake data at the national level can play an essential role in informing food, nutrition, and agricultural policies; food fortification planning; and compliance to food-based dietary guidelines.
在不同人群中获取准确的饮食摄入量测量数据具有挑战性。在各种方法中，自我报告的24小时回顾法在低收入国家经常被使用，因为它快速、具有文化敏感性、不需要高认知能力，并且能提供食物和营养素的定量数据。通过24小时回顾法测量摄入量涉及：（1）收集食物摄入量数据；（2）正确使用相关食物成分数据来计算营养素摄入量；（3）通过统计学方法将观察到的摄入量转换为“通常摄入量”，以评估营养素充足情况或食物与营养素及健康结果之间的关系。与所有饮食方法一样，24小时回顾法存在降低精度的随机误差和在测量方案的每个阶段都可能降低准确性的系统误差。研究已经确定了24小时回顾方案中测量误差的潜在来源，并强调通过纳入标准化质量控制程序以及每人收集不止一次24小时回顾数据（数量取决于研究目的），可以减少随机误差来源。精心设计初始24小时回顾方案可以考虑到系统误差的潜在来源，如一周中的日期、季节、年龄等。其他系统误差来源（如能量低报）最好通过纳入参考测量方法（如用双标水测量能量消耗）来检测。或者，可以将24小时回顾法的能量摄入量与同一天称重的摄入量进行比较。然而，在低收入国家，很少有研究在其研究环境中评估24小时回顾法的有效性，或采用推荐的标准化方案来减轻随机误差。因此，应该努力改进低收入国家人群研究中自我报告的24小时回顾数据的评估、分析和解释。国家层面准确而精确的饮食摄入量数据对于为食品、营养和农业政策、食品强化规划以及遵守基于食物的饮食指南提供信息至关重要。
