Demchenko Alexander P
A V Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Leontovicha Street 9, Kiev-01601, Ukraine.
Methods Appl Fluoresc. 2013 May 1;1(2):022001. doi: 10.1088/2050-6120/1/2/022001.
The assortment of fluorescence reporters is changing dramatically. Traditionally explored intrinsic fluorescence of biological macromolecules and cellular pigments and of externally introduced organic dyes are presently in strong competition with new nanomaterials. Among them are conjugated polymers, semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots), up-converting nanocrystals, magic-size clusters of silver and gold, nanodiamonds and carbon dots. They demonstrate diverse photophysical behavior and allow one to obtain diverse information when used in analytical tools or when they form images in biological systems. Based on them, functional nanocomposites displaying a variety of useful features, thus extending dramatically the information content of output data, can be constructed. We describe their properties and compare them with those of small-molecular emitters, such as organic dyes. With their aid, one can modulate over a wide range the wavelengths of excitation and emission, the lifetimes and anisotropies and design the systems with 'superenhancement' and 'superquenching'. Such unlimited possibilities are offered by combining different types of luminophores based on electronic conjugation, plasmonic effects or excited-state resonance energy transfer. This tutorial review provides a comparative analysis of the properties of new nanoscale materials and of their hybrid nanocomposites for applications in fluorescence sensing and imaging.
荧光报告分子的种类正在发生巨大变化。传统上所研究的生物大分子和细胞色素的固有荧光以及外部引入的有机染料，目前正与新型纳米材料展开激烈竞争。其中包括共轭聚合物、半导体纳米晶体（量子点）、上转换纳米晶体、金银的幻数尺寸团簇、纳米金刚石和碳点。当它们用于分析工具或在生物系统中形成图像时，会表现出多样的光物理行为，并能让人获取多样的信息。基于这些材料，可以构建出具有各种有用特性的功能纳米复合材料，从而极大地扩展输出数据的信息含量。我们描述了它们的性质，并将其与小分子发光体（如有机染料）的性质进行了比较。借助它们，可以在很宽的范围内调节激发和发射波长、寿命和各向异性，并设计出具有“超级增强”和“超级猝灭”功能的系统。通过结合基于电子共轭、等离子体效应或激发态共振能量转移的不同类型发光体，可以实现这些无限的可能性。本综述教程对新型纳米材料及其混合纳米复合材料在荧光传感和成像应用中的性质进行了比较分析。
