Genome-wide identification of membrane-bound transcription factors in plant species.

Membrane-bound transcription factors (MTFs) are located in cellular membranes due to their transmembrane domains. In plants, proteolytic processing is considered to be the main mechanism for MTF activation, which ensures the liberation of MTFs from membranes and further their translocation into the nucleus to regulate gene expression; this process skips both the transcriptional and translational stages, and thus it guarantees the prompt responses of plants to various stimuli. Currently, information concerning plant MTFs is limited to model organisms, including and , and little is known in other plant species at the genome level. In the present study, seven membrane topology predictors widely used by the research community were employed to establish a reliable workflow for MTF identification. Genome-wide analysis of MTFs was then performed in 14 plant species spanning the chlorophytes, bryophytes, gymnosperms, monocots and eudicots. A total of 1,089 MTFs have been identified from a total of 25,850 transcription factors in these 14 plant species. These MTFs belong to 52 gene family, and the top six most abundant families are the NAC (128), SBP (77), C2H2 (70), bZIP (67), MYB-related (65) and bHLH (63) families. The MTFs have transmembrane spans ranging from one to thirteen, and 71.5% and 21.1% of the MTFs have one and two transmembrane motifs, respectively. Most of the MTFs in this study have transmembrane motifs located in either N- or C-terminal regions, indicating that proteolytic cleavage could be a conserved mechanism for MTF activation. Additionally, approximately half of the MTFs in the genome of either or could be potentially regulated by alternative splicing, indicating that alternative splicing is another conserved activation mechanism for MTFs. The present study performed systematic analyses of MTFs in plant lineages at the genome level, and provides invaluable information for the research community.