Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de CC. Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E- 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(33):4102-4118. doi: 10.2174/0929867324666171121103156.
Studies on the interactions of DNA with small molecular drugs are currently performed both to explore their mechanism of action and to develop new drugs. Electrochemical biosensors offer a very promising alternative to more complex conventional techniques for drug determination due to rapidness, low cost, simplicity, high sensitivity and compatibility with use in different settings. In this review, selected electrochemical nucleic acid-based biosensing methods described so far for the determination of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs are briefly overviewed, discussing their basics and main features. A section pointing out general conclusions and future directions in this field is also provided.
The 42 selected contributions described electrochemical platforms to determine drugs of interest by monitoring their specific interactions with nucleic acids (DNA and aptamers), DNA damage and specific DNA-protein interactions. The highlighted approaches reported the use of electrodes unmodified or modified with nanomaterials and/or polymers in which DNA-drug interaction was followed by electrochemical detection of DNA puric bases, active drug or diffusion-free markers, and monitoring changes in the surface layer morphology/permeability and charge transfer resistance using different electrochemical techniques.
Although electrochemical nucleic acid biosensing approaches constitute an interesting option for drugs determination in terms of cost, simplicity and miniaturized instrumentation, validating exhaustively their performance in real samples against conventional methodologies and implementing them into portable and automatic high throughput devices, together with exploring novel electrode modifications with nanomaterials and polymers and studying in more detail their multiplexing ability for analysis of a large number of analytes, is still needed.
目前，研究 DNA 与小分子药物的相互作用，既是为了探索其作用机制，也是为了开发新药。电化学生物传感器由于快速、低成本、简单、高灵敏度以及与不同环境下使用的兼容性，为药物测定提供了一种比更复杂的传统技术更有前途的替代方法。在这篇综述中，简要回顾了迄今为止为测定药物和非法药物而描述的基于电化学核酸的生物传感方法，讨论了它们的基本原理和主要特点。还提供了指出该领域的一般结论和未来方向的部分。
所选择的 42 篇论文描述了电化学平台，通过监测其与核酸（DNA 和适体）、DNA 损伤和特定 DNA-蛋白质相互作用的特异性相互作用来确定感兴趣的药物。突出的方法报告了使用未经修饰或用纳米材料和/或聚合物修饰的电极，其中 DNA-药物相互作用通过电化学检测 DNA 嘌呤碱基、活性药物或无扩散标记物来进行，并且使用不同的电化学技术监测表面层形态/渗透性和电荷转移电阻的变化。
尽管电化学核酸生物传感方法在成本、简单性和小型化仪器方面是药物测定的一个有趣选择，但仍需要全面验证其在真实样品中的性能，以达到与传统方法相比，以及将其应用于便携式和自动高通量设备，并探索使用纳米材料和聚合物进行新型电极修饰的方法，并更详细地研究其用于分析大量分析物的多重分析能力。
