Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
The Norwegian School of Hotel Management, University of Stavanger, P.O. Box 8600 Forus, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Jan;111:329-340. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.11.044. Epub 2017 Nov 22.
High sodium chloride (NaCl) intake is associated with health risks. NaCl may be replaced by potassium chloride (KCl) to decrease sodium intake. However, increased potassium may also have negative health effects. We conducted a benefit and risk assessment of increasing potassium by ratios of 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 (weight % K: weight % Na) in children, adolescents and adults in Norway, using intake data from national food consumption surveys and available literature on potassium health effects. An intake of at least 3.5 g/day of potassium decreases risk of stroke and hypertension, and this level was used in the benefit assessment of the healthy population. Three g/day of potassium added to mean food intake is assumed safe, and these levels were used in the risk assessment. Not all persons reached the protective level of potassium, and increasing numbers exceeded the safe levels, in these scenarios. In addition, elderly above 85 years and infants below one year of age, as well as several patient groups and medication users, are particularly vulnerable to hyperkalemia. In conclusion, the number of Norwegians facing increased risk is far greater than the number likely to benefit from this replacement of sodium with potassium in industrially produced food.
高氯化钠（NaCl）摄入与健康风险有关。可以用氯化钾（KCl）代替 NaCl 来减少钠的摄入。然而，增加钾的摄入也可能对健康产生负面影响。我们使用挪威国家食物消费调查的数据和关于钾对健康影响的现有文献，对儿童、青少年和成年人中钾的摄入量按 30:70、50:50、70:30（重量%K:重量%Na）的比例增加进行了获益和风险评估。每天摄入至少 3.5 克的钾可降低中风和高血压的风险，该水平用于健康人群的获益评估。在风险评估中，假设每天添加 3 克的钾到平均食物摄入量是安全的。在这些情况下，并非所有人群都达到了钾的保护水平，而且超过安全水平的人数也在增加。此外，85 岁以上的老年人和 1 岁以下的婴儿，以及一些患者群体和药物使用者，特别容易发生高钾血症。总之，面临风险增加的挪威人数远远超过了可能从工业生产的食物中用钾替代钠获益的人数。
