Multimodality Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Rabbit Atherosclerotic Model by GEBP11 Peptide Targeted Nanoparticles.

Angiogenesis is an important pathological process during progression of plaque formation, which can result in plaque hemorrhage and vulnerability. This study aims to explore non-invasive imaging of angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaque through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) by using GEBP11 peptide targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. The dual-modality imaging probe was constructed by coupling 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinnic acid-coated paramagnetic nanoparticles (DMSA-MNPs) and the PET Ga chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N, N', N''-triacetic acid (NOTA) to GEBP11 peptide. The atherosclerosis model was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by abdominal aorta balloon de-endothelialization and atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. The plaque areas in abdominal artery were detected by ultrasound imaging and Oil Red O staining. Immunofluorescence staining and Prussian blue staining were applied respectively to investigate the affinity of GEBP11 peptide. MTT and flow cytometric analysis were performed to detect the effects of NGD-MNPs on cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). MRI and PET imaging of atherosclerotic plaque were carried out at different time points after intravenous injection of nanoparticles. The NGD-MNPs with hydrodynamic diameter of 130.8 nm ± 7.1 nm exhibited good imaging properties, high stability, low immunogenicity and little cytotoxicity. PET/MR imaging revealed that Ga-NGD-MNPs were successfully applied to visualize atherosclerotic plaque angiogenesis in the rabbit abdominal aorta. Prussian blue and CD31 immunohistochemical staining confirmed that NGD-MNPs were well co-localized within the blood vessels' plaques. Ga-NGD-MNPs might be a promising MR and PET dual imaging probe for visualizing the vulnerable plaques.