Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius.
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2018 Mar 1;213:409-444. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.030. Epub 2017 Dec 2.
Salvadora persica L., also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu), is the most common traditional source of tooth or chewing stick (miswak) highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. To date, extensive studies have probed primarily into the validation of its traditional uses in oral care. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and critical analysis of other potential ethnopharmacological properties of S. persica. This review therefore aims to provide an up-to-date detailed structured description of the traditional uses of S. persica and a critical analysis of its modern uses, highlighting its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and bioapplications.
Various databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books, and relevant primary sources were probed, surveyed, analysed, and included in this review. The literature cited in this review dated from 1979 to 2017.
S. persica was found to possess a plethora of bioactive compounds and broad pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activity, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiosteoporosis, and antitumor activities. Studies also revealed the potential use of S. persica as a natural food preservative and a novel functional food ingredient. In addition, improvement in growth and reproductive performances have been observed by the introduction of S. persica in animal feed. Lastly, S. persica has also been used in the green synthesis of nanoparticles showing potential biotechnological applications.
S. persica showed a wide scope of application and its uses have been extended far beyond the initial traditional uses of its roots, stems, and twigs in oral care. We found a number of other ethnopharmacological uses and potential bioapplications of different parts of S. persica that warrants further investigations. Though widely studied using several in vitro and in vivo models, and tested clinically for oral hygiene mainly, several gaps and research priorities have been identified which needs to be addressed in future.
Salvadora persica L.，也被称为 Arak（阿拉伯语）和 Peelu（乌尔都语），是最常见的传统牙齿或咀嚼棒（miswak）来源，由先知穆罕默德强烈推荐。迄今为止，广泛的研究主要探讨了其在口腔保健中的传统用途的验证。尽管如此，对于 S. persica 的其他潜在民族药理学特性的综合和批判性分析仍然缺乏。因此，本综述旨在提供 S. persica 传统用途的最新详细结构描述，并对其现代用途进行批判性分析，强调其植物化学、药理学特性和生物应用。
研究了各种数据库（Science Direct、PubMed、Wiley Online Library 和 Google Scholar）、书籍和相关原始资料，并对其进行了调查、分析和纳入本综述。本综述中引用的文献可追溯到 1979 年至 2017 年。
发现 S. persica 具有丰富的生物活性化合物和广泛的药理学特性，包括抗菌、抗氧化、酶抑制活性、抗溃疡、抗惊厥、镇静、镇痛、抗炎、降血糖、降血脂、抗骨质疏松和抗肿瘤活性。研究还表明，S. persica 可作为天然食品防腐剂和新型功能性食品成分使用。此外，在动物饲料中引入 S. persica 可改善生长和繁殖性能。最后，S. persica 还用于纳米粒子的绿色合成，显示出潜在的生物技术应用。
S. persica 的应用范围很广，其用途已经远远超出了其根部、茎部和嫩枝在口腔保健中的最初传统用途。我们发现 S. persica 的不同部位有许多其他民族药理学用途和潜在的生物应用，值得进一步研究。尽管已经使用了几种体外和体内模型进行了广泛的研究，并主要在临床上用于口腔卫生，但仍确定了一些差距和研究重点，需要在未来解决。
