Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP CEP 13506-900, Brazil.
Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University - UDESC, Rua Pascoal Simone, 358, Coqueiros, Florianópolis, SC CEP 88080-350, Brazil.
Exp Gerontol. 2018 Feb;102:51-58. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.020. Epub 2017 Nov 28.
Rapid force capacity, identified by rate of rise in contractile force at the onset of contraction, i.e., the rate of force development (RFD), has been considered an important neuromuscular parameter of physical fitness in elderly individuals. Randomized control studies conducted in adults have found that resistance training may elicit different outcomes in terms of RFD and muscle strength. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to review systematically the literature for studies regarding the influence of resistance training on muscle strength and RFD in elderly persons. A literature search was performed in major electronic databases from inception to March 2017. Studies including health individuals with a mean age≥60years, describing the effect of resistance training on RFD and muscle strength were found eligible. The outcomes were calculated as the difference in percentage change between control and experimental groups (% change) and data were presented as mean±95% confidence limits. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model and, in addition, simple and multiple meta-regression analyses were used to identify effects of age, training type, sessions per week and training duration on % change in RFD and muscle strength. Thirteen training effects were collected from 10 studies included in the meta-analysis. The resistance training program had a moderate beneficial effect on both muscle strength (% change=18.40%, 95% CL 13.69-23.30, p<0.001) and RFD (% change=26.68, 95% CL 14.41-35.52, p<0.001). Results of the meta-regression revealed that the variables age, training type (i.e., strength and explosive), training duration (4-16weeks) and sessions per week had no significant effects on muscle strength and RFD improvement. Moreover, there was no significant relationship (p=0.073) between the changes in muscle strength and RFD. It can be concluded that explosive training and heavy strength training are effective resistance training methods aiming to improve both muscle strength and RFD after short-to-medium training period. However, muscle strength and RFD seem to adapt differently to resistance training programs, suggesting caution for their interchangeable use in clinical assessments of the elderly.
快速力量能力，通过收缩起始时收缩力的上升速度来确定，即力量发展率（RFD），被认为是老年人身体适应能力的一个重要神经肌肉参数。在成年人中进行的随机对照研究发现，抗阻训练在 RFD 和肌肉力量方面可能产生不同的结果。因此，本研究的主要目的是系统地回顾关于抗阻训练对老年人肌肉力量和 RFD 的影响的文献。从研究开始到 2017 年 3 月，在主要的电子数据库中进行了文献检索。发现符合条件的研究包括平均年龄≥60 岁的健康个体，描述了抗阻训练对 RFD 和肌肉力量的影响。结果以对照组和实验组之间的百分比变化差异（%变化）计算，并以平均值±95%置信区间表示。使用随机效应模型进行荟萃分析，此外，还使用简单和多元荟萃回归分析来确定年龄、训练类型、每周训练次数和训练持续时间对 RFD 和肌肉力量的%变化的影响。荟萃分析共纳入了 10 项研究中的 13 项训练效果。抗阻训练方案对肌肉力量（%变化=18.40%，95%CL 13.69-23.30，p<0.001）和 RFD（%变化=26.68，95%CL 14.41-35.52，p<0.001）均有中度有益作用。荟萃回归分析的结果表明，年龄、训练类型（即力量和爆发力）、训练持续时间（4-16 周）和每周训练次数等变量对肌肉力量和 RFD 的改善没有显著影响。此外，肌肉力量和 RFD 的变化之间没有显著的关系（p=0.073）。因此，可以得出结论，爆发力训练和大重量力量训练是有效的抗阻训练方法，可以在短至中期训练后提高肌肉力量和 RFD。然而，肌肉力量和 RFD 似乎对抗阻训练方案的适应性不同，这表明在老年人的临床评估中谨慎使用它们之间的可互换性。
