Which diseases are risk factors for developing gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Although the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) remains unclear, it is accepted as a multifactorial disease. It is thought that some of the interventions that might cause alterations in the normal gastrointestinal tract anatomy and diseases that affect the lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal clearance, and stomach motility (gastric emptying) might lay a foundation for GERD development. Moreover, it is common knowledge that GERD might cause various extraesophageal symptoms and complications. A possible connection between GERD and sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hypothyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disorders, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, diabetes mellitus, cholecystectomy, sleeve gastrectomy, sleep apnea syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma were summarized in this literature review.