Increasing isoniazid preventive therapy uptake in an HIV program in rural Papua New Guinea.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) in Papua New Guinea. Despite a policy for isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) among PLHIV, implementation has been slow. We prospectively evaluated a standardized guided screening process, including TB diagnostic support, to increase IPT initiation in adult PLHIV on antiretro-viral treatment. The guided process included a paper-based IPT screening tool that prompted review of patient history and TB symptoms and sputum analysis by smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF. Chest X-ray was performed at the provider's discretion. We quantified the yield of this guided process on IPT initiation and detection of TB and rifampicin resistance, and examined the contributions of each diagnostic modality. Among 532 patients, TB was ruled out and IPT initiated in 450 (84%). TB was diagnosed and treatment was started in 82 (15%) patients. Xpert detected rifampicin resistance in one of 21 patients (5%, 95%CI 0.24-21.3) with a positive Xpert result. All TB cases were diagnosed by chest X-ray and/or Xpert. No cases were diagnosed by sputum smear alone. A standardized guided process, including TB diagnostic support, successfully enabled IPT initiation and identified a large burden of undetected TB.